Security Requirements Analysis Report

Comprehensive Security Analysis with Interactive Dashboard

Generated: 2025-12-01 20:59:38 Report Version: 2.0 - Comprehensive Security Analysis

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1. Executive Summary

This section provides a high-level overview of the security requirements analysis, presenting key findings, validation results, and an interactive dashboard for stakeholders and decision-makers. The executive summary enables rapid comprehension of the security posture, critical risks, control coverage, and compliance status without requiring detailed technical knowledge.

1.1. Purpose and Scope

Purpose

This document presents a comprehensive security requirements analysis for the proposed application, systematically mapping high-level business requirements to specific, actionable security controls aligned with multiple industry standards: OWASP Application Security Verification Standard (ASVS), NIST SP 800-53 Rev 5, and ISO 27001:2022. The analysis provides a complete security requirements specification that guides secure system design, implementation, and verification.

Scope

This analysis encompasses all functional requirements provided, delivering comprehensive coverage across multiple security domains:

• Requirements Analysis: Systematic decomposition and security-relevant extraction from business requirements
• Stakeholder Analysis: Identification of stakeholders, trust boundaries, and security responsibilities
• Threat Modeling: Systematic identification and assessment of security threats using STRIDE methodology
• Security Control Mapping: Mapping requirements to multi-standard security controls (OWASP ASVS, NIST SP 800-53, ISO 27001) with detailed implementation guidance
• Compliance Requirements: Identification of regulatory and legal compliance obligations
• Architectural Security: Security architecture recommendations and design patterns
• Implementation Planning: Prioritized, phased implementation roadmap
• Verification Strategies: Testing and validation approaches for security controls

The analysis provides both strategic guidance for security planning and tactical details for implementation teams.

1.2. Key Findings

This section summarizes the most critical results from the security requirements analysis, providing executives and stakeholders with immediate insight into the security posture and validation status.

Analysis Metrics

• Validation Score: 0.89/1.0
• Validation Status: ✅ Passed
• Analysis Iterations: 1
• Requirements Analyzed: 32

Application Summary

A modern, secure, and scalable e-commerce platform for selling consumer electronics to EU and US customers, providing user account management, product catalog and search, shopping cart and checkout with multiple payment options, integrations with payment processors and shipping carriers, administrative tools for inventory and order management, AI-driven personalization and automation, analytics and marketing capabilities, and compliance with regional data protection and payment regulations.

The validation score reflects the quality and completeness of the security requirements across five dimensions: completeness, consistency, correctness, implementability, and alignment with business objectives. A score of 0.8 or higher indicates that the requirements are ready for implementation, while scores below this threshold may require refinement before proceeding.

1.3. Security Overview Dashboard

This interactive dashboard provides executive-level visualization of key security metrics and trends, enabling rapid assessment of the security posture through intuitive charts and data visualizations. The dashboard presents critical information across multiple dimensions: risk distribution, security control coverage, compliance status, implementation progress, and data quality metrics. For optimal viewing experience, render this document with Quarto to enable interactive chart functionality, allowing stakeholders to explore data dynamically and drill down into specific areas of interest.

Risk

Figure 1: Risk heat map showing threat distribution by likelihood and impact (1-5 scale).

Top 5 Highest Risks:

THR-001 (Critical) - User Management / Frontend / Application Services - Category: Spoofing - Likelihood: 4 | Impact: 4 - Description: Credential stuffing, password reuse, or credential theft (phished credentials) allows attackers to authenticate as legitimate users and access accounts, saved payment methods, order history, and perfo

THR-016 (Critical) - Frontend / External Services (3rd-party JS vendors) - Category: Information Disclosure - Likelihood: 4 | Impact: 4 - Description: Third-party JavaScript (analytics, widgets, chatbots) compromises can exfiltrate cookies, credentials or capture PII and behavioral data; supply-chain compromises of third-party vendors lead to widesp

THR-004 (High) - Product Catalog / Frontend - Category: Information Disclosure - Likelihood: 4 | Impact: 3 - Description: Stored XSS through product reviews or user-generated content allows attackers to execute scripts in other users’ browsers, steal session tokens, manipulate UI, or perform actions on behalf of users.

THR-014 (High) - API Gateway / Application Services - Category: Denial of Service - Likelihood: 4 | Impact: 3 - Description: API abuse via brute-force, credential stuffing, or excessive automated requests to search, checkout or recommendation APIs leads to performance degradation or resource exhaustion.

THR-002 (High) - Social Login / External Services / Application Services - Category: Spoofing - Likelihood: 3 | Impact: 4 - Description: Compromise or misuse of social OAuth tokens or flawed OAuth integration (missing state/redirect validation, incorrect client secrets) allows attacker impersonation or account takeover.

Controls

Figure 2: Security control distribution by standard (OWASP, NIST, ISO 27001).

Figure 3: OWASP ASVS control distribution by verification category (V1-V14).

Figure 4: Security control priority distribution (Critical/High/Medium/Low).

Coverage Metrics:

• Total Security Controls Mapped: 104
  • OWASP ASVS: 54 controls
  • NIST SP 800-53: 30 controls
  • ISO 27001: 20 controls
• Requirements with Security Control Mapping: 93.8% (30/32)
• Average Controls per Requirement: 3.2
• Critical Controls: 12 (11.5% of total)
• Requirements with Verification: 100.0% (32/32)
• Recommended ASVS Level: L2 (Standard)

Compliance

Figure 5: Compliance status across all applicable frameworks (Red-Amber-Green rating). Shows regulatory compliance (GDPR, HIPAA, PCI-DSS, etc.) and security standards (OWASP ASVS, NIST SP 800-53, ISO 27001).

Compliance Summary:

• ❌ PCI-DSS: Gap (Next Audit: TBD)
• ⚠️ OWASP ASVS: In Progress (Next Audit: N/A)
• ⚠️ NIST SP 800-53: In Progress (Next Audit: N/A)
• ⚠️ ISO 27001: In Progress (Next Audit: N/A)

Delivery

Figure 6: Projected implementation timeline by phase and week (based on priority-based planning).

Implementation Timeline (Projected):

• Phase 1 (Critical/High): 100% projected completion (Weeks 1-8)
• Phase 2 (Medium): 100% projected completion (Weeks 9-16)
• Phase 3 (Low/Ongoing): Continuous improvement and monitoring

Note: Timeline is based on priority-based planning and assumes steady implementation progress.

Data Quality

Validation Metrics:

Overall Validation Score: ✅ 0.89/1.0

Dimension Scores:

• ✅ Completeness: 0.85
• ✅ Consistency: 0.95
• ✅ Correctness: 0.90
• ✅ Implementability: 0.85
• ✅ Alignment: 0.90

Figure 7: Data quality and coverage metrics.

Traceability Matrix:

• Total Requirements: 32
• Linked to Threats: 31 (96.9%)
• Mapped to Security Controls: 30 (93.8%)
• With Verification: 32 (100.0%)

Data Quality: ✅ Excellent

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2. Requirements Understanding

This section presents a comprehensive analysis of the functional requirements, extracting security-relevant information and establishing the foundation for the security requirements specification. Understanding the functional requirements is essential for identifying security implications, data sensitivity, trust boundaries, and security-critical components. This analysis transforms business requirements into security-aware specifications that inform threat modeling, control selection, and compliance assessment.

2.1. High-Level Requirements Analysis

The following high-level functional requirements have been identified and analyzed for security implications:

1. User registration and login with email/password and optional multi-factor authentication
2. Social login via Google and Facebook
3. User profiles containing shipping addresses, saved payment method tokens, and contact preferences
4. Order history tracking and order detail viewing
5. Guest checkout with temporary cart persistence
6. Product catalog browsing by category and hierarchical taxonomy management
7. Search with faceted filters, autocomplete, relevance tuning, and pagination
8. Product detail pages with images, technical specifications, inventory status, and related products
9. Customer reviews and star ratings with moderation workflow
10. Shopping cart management: add, update quantity, remove items, persist carts across sessions
11. Promotions and discount code application with validation rules
12. Checkout flow supporting multiple payment methods (credit card via Stripe, PayPal, Apple Pay), and saved payment methods using tokenization
13. Secure payment processing and PCI-DSS compliant handling of card transactions
14. Refund and chargeback handling with reconciliation and audit trails
15. Order confirmation and transactional email notifications for status updates
16. Admin dashboard for product inventory management, price and catalog updates
17. Order management: view, update fulfillment status, shipment tracking, and returns processing
18. Customer service tools: order lookup, issue tickets, refunds, and communication templates
19. Sales analytics and reporting (revenue, conversion, inventory levels) with export capabilities
20. Product recommendation engine based on browsing and purchase history
21. Conversational AI chatbot for customer support with fallback to human agents
22. Automated product categorization and tagging using ML
23. Mobile-responsive UI and progressive enhancement for mobile web
24. Multi-currency pricing and display with currency conversion and locale-aware formatting
25. Integration with shipping carriers (FedEx, UPS) for rate calculation and label generation
26. Email notification system for marketing and transactional communications with opt-in management
27. Customer data capture and segmentation for marketing campaigns with consent management
28. Customer behavior analytics tracking with privacy controls and opt-out
29. Logging, monitoring, and alerting for system health and security events
30. Role-based access control for administrative functions and audit logging
31. Data export, retention and deletion workflows to satisfy GDPR/CCPA subject requests
32. Third-party integrations management and secure secret handling

2.2. Detailed Requirements Breakdown

Req ID	Requirement	Business Category	Security Sensitivity	Data Classification
REQ-001	User registration and login with email/password an…	Authentication	High	Confidential
REQ-002	Social login integration for Google and Facebook w…	Authentication	Medium	Confidential
REQ-003	User profiles with multiple shipping addresses, co…	Data Management	High	Confidential
REQ-004	Order history tracking with order details, status,…	Order Management	Medium	Confidential
REQ-005	Guest checkout supporting temporary cart persisten…	Checkout	Medium	Confidential
REQ-006	Product catalog browsing with category hierarchies…	Catalog Management	Low	Public
REQ-007	Search functionality with faceted filters, autocom…	Search	Low	Public
REQ-008	Product detail pages showing images, technical spe…	Catalog Display	Low	Public
REQ-009	Customer reviews and ratings with submission moder…	Content Management	Medium	Public
REQ-010	Shopping cart management supporting add, update qu…	Cart	Medium	Internal
REQ-011	Promotions and discount engine supporting coupon c…	Promotions	Medium	Internal
REQ-012	Checkout flow supporting multiple payment methods …	Payment Processing	High	Restricted
REQ-013	Ability to save payment methods for future use usi…	Payment Processing	High	Restricted
REQ-014	Refund processing, partial/full refunds, and charg…	Payment Processing	High	Confidential
REQ-015	Order confirmation and transactional email notific…	Notifications	Medium	Confidential
REQ-016	Admin dashboard for product inventory management i…	Administration	High	Internal
REQ-017	Order management tooling for fulfillment operation…	Order Management	High	Confidential
REQ-018	Customer service tools including order lookup, cus…	Customer Service	High	Confidential
REQ-019	Sales analytics and reporting dashboards with expo…	Analytics	Medium	Internal
REQ-020	Personalized product recommendations driven by bro…	AI/ML	Medium	Internal
REQ-021	AI chatbot for customer support with session loggi…	AI/ML	High	Confidential
REQ-022	Automated product categorization and tagging using…	AI/ML	Low	Public
REQ-023	Mobile-responsive design and progressive web app c…	User Experience	Low	Public
REQ-024	Support for multiple currencies, localized pricing…	Localization & Finance	Medium	Internal
REQ-025	Integration with shipping carriers (FedEx, UPS) fo…	Integrations	Medium	Internal
REQ-026	Email notification and marketing system with conse…	Notifications & Marketing	Medium	Confidential
REQ-027	Customer data capture, segmentation, and export fo…	Marketing Data	High	Confidential
REQ-028	Behavioral analytics tracking (clickstream, page v…	Analytics	Medium	Internal
REQ-029	Comprehensive logging, monitoring, and alerting fo…	Operations & Security	High	Internal
REQ-030	Role-based access control (RBAC) for admin functio…	Authorization	High	Internal
REQ-031	Data subject rights workflows for export, rectific…	Compliance	High	Confidential
REQ-032	Secure third-party integrations management includi…	Integrations & Governance	High	Internal

2.3. Security Context and Regulatory Obligations

Applicable regulations and compliance obligations include: PCI-DSS for payment card processing and tokenization; PSD2 and Strong Customer Authentication (SCA) for EU card payments; GDPR for processing personal data of EU residents (data subject rights, lawful basis, data transfers, DPIAs, DPA contracts with processors); CCPA/CPRA for California consumer privacy rights and disclosure obligations; ePrivacy Directive/Regulation for electronic communications and cookies; consumer protection laws for reviews/advertising in both EU and US; AML/KYC considerations for high-value transactions or seller onboarding where applicable; accessibility standards (WCAG) for public-facing UX; and applicable tax and invoicing regulations for multi-jurisdiction operations. Operational security standards include secure development lifecycle (SDLC), vulnerability management, logging and monitoring, incident response, and data breach notification timelines per jurisdiction.

2.4. Assumptions

• System will be cloud-hosted on a major provider (e.g., AWS, Azure, GCP) with region selection for EU/US data residency
• All external communications use TLS (HTTPS) and HSTS enforced
• Payment processing will leverage third-party processors (Stripe, PayPal) and use tokenization to minimize PCI scope
• Social login providers (Google, Facebook) will provide OAuth2/OIDC endpoints and valid client credentials
• Shipping carriers (FedEx, UPS) provide APIs for rate calculation, label creation, and tracking
• Customers have internet access and reasonably modern browsers / mobile devices
• Third-party analytics and marketing tools may be integrated but must support consent/opt-out mechanisms
• Product images and static assets served via CDN for performance and availability
• System will maintain high-availability targets (e.g., 99.9% SLA) and regular backups with defined RTO/RPO

2.5. Constraints

• Must integrate with Stripe as the primary card payment processor and support PayPal and Apple Pay via provider integrations
• Must meet PCI-DSS requirements; storing raw cardholder data (PAN) is prohibited unless fully compliant and justified; prefer tokenization
• EU customers’ personal data must be processed per GDPR with appropriate Data Processing Agreements and lawful bases; cross-border transfers must use approved mechanisms
• Integration with third-party carrier APIs constrained by their rate limits, data models, and regional availability
• Mobile-responsive design required; performance budgets (e.g., first meaningful paint) must be targeted for mobile
• Admin interfaces require RBAC and single sign-on integration for enterprise operators (if applicable)
• Budget and timeline constraints may limit building bespoke ML models initially; consider managed AI/ML services
• Legacy system integration not required but APIs should be designed to allow future connectors; no mandatory compatibility with legacy EHR or ERP unless specified
• Logging and analytics data retention policies must comply with privacy laws and internal retention schedules (e.g., purge PII after configured retention periods)
• Operational constraint: 24/7 transaction capability with on-call incident response and scheduled maintenance windows

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3. Stakeholder Analysis

This section identifies and analyzes all stakeholders involved in or affected by the system, including users, administrators, external partners, and regulatory bodies. Stakeholder analysis establishes trust boundaries, defines security responsibilities, and identifies potential security concerns from different stakeholder perspectives. Understanding stakeholder relationships and trust boundaries is critical for designing appropriate access controls, authentication mechanisms, and data protection measures.

3.1. Identified Stakeholders and User Personas

Role	Privilege Level	Trust Level	Key Security Concerns
Customer	User	Partially Trusted	Unauthorized access to personal information, Identity theft, Payment fraud, Session hijacking.
Guest User	Guest	Untrusted	Limited access to user features, potential for abuse of guest checkout, lack of account recovery options.
Admin User	Admin	Trusted	Privilege escalation by malicious insiders, Data breach through compromised admin accounts, Unintended exposure of sensitive information.
Payment Processor	Service Account	Partially Trusted	Insecure API integration exposing payment data, Vulnerability to fraud, Lack of proper authentication and encryption mechanisms.
Shipping Carrier	Service Account	Partially Trusted	Potential for data leakage in shipping details, Insecure communications regarding shipment tracking.
Marketing Analytics Vendor	Service Account	Untrusted	Data leakage of customer behavior analytics, Compliance risks related to GDPR and data processing regulations.
Chatbot System	Service Account	Untrusted	Inadequate data protection leading to data exposure, Vulnerability to data injection attacks.
API Gateway	Service Account	Trusted	Misconfiguration leading to unauthorized access to backend services, Insecure routing of API requests.
System Monitoring Service	Service Account	Trusted	Risk of data exposure if logs are not properly secured, Misuse of monitoring data leading to privacy violations.

3.2. Trust Model

Trust boundaries are established at the user interface, API gateway, backend services, and database levels. Security mechanisms enforcing these boundaries include user authentication (email/password, social login), role-based access control (RBAC) to ensure users can only access functionalities pertinent to their roles, and network segmentation to mitigate risks of unauthorized access. Customers can access their profiles and order history, while Admin Users have comprehensive access to management functionalities. Payment Processors can only access payment-related data, while external integrations (e.g., shipping carriers and analytics vendors) have access limited to the data necessary for their functions. The principle of least privilege is implemented by ensuring each role has the minimum necessary permissions to perform their tasks, thus reducing the risk of data exposure and privilege escalation. For example, Guest Users have access only to browsing and purchasing capabilities without account functionalities, limiting their potential impact on the system.

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4. System Architecture Analysis

4.1. Architectural Overview

A cloud-native, modular e-commerce platform with a CDN and edge security layer in front of a single-page Web/PWA frontend and an Admin UI. An API Gateway routes requests to stateless application services (authentication, catalog/search, cart/checkout, orders, payments orchestration, AI/analytics, and admin services) which persist data into a Data Layer composed of a primary relational database, object store for assets, search index, cache/session store, and a data warehouse for BI. External integrations (Stripe/PayPal/ApplePay, shipping carriers, email provider, social OAuth, and marketing/analytics vendors) are accessed via the payments and integration services. Monitoring, logging, RBAC, and compliance controls are applied across layers to meet PCI-DSS, GDPR and regional requirements for EU/US operations.

4.2. Architecture Diagram

4.3. Component Breakdown

Component	Responsibility	Security Criticality	External Dependencies
Frontend Layer	Provides the customer-facing Web SPA and…	Medium	CDN, 3rd-Party Analytics
Edge Layer	CDN and edge security that delivers stat…	High	CDN provider (Cloudflare/Akamai/Cloud CDN), WAF/Edge security vendor
Application Services	Stateless microservices behind an API Ga…	Critical	Stripe, PayPal
Data Layer	Persistent storage and indexes: relation…	Critical	Cloud object storage (S3/GCS/Azure Blob), Managed DB service
External Services	Third-party providers for payment proces…	High	Stripe, PayPal
Operations & Security	Monitoring, logging, alerting, secret ma…	Critical	SIEM/Log storage (Datadog/Splunk/Cloud Logging), Secrets manager (AWS Secrets Manager/HashiCorp Vault)

4.4. Data Flow Analysis

Customers interact via the Web/PWA (Frontend) served from the CDN/Edge. The frontend calls the API Gateway, which routes requests to stateless application services. Authentication requests go to Auth (MFA/OAuth) which returns tokens; catalog and search queries read from the Search index and object store for images; cart/checkout flows validate promotions and call the Payments orchestration to tokenize card data and call external payment providers; successful orders create records in the primary RDBMS and trigger fulfillment tasks to shipping integrations; events are published to the Analytics pipeline and stored in the Data Warehouse for reporting and ML model training. Sensitive data (PII) is kept in the primary DB and object store with encryption at rest; raw card data is never stored—only payment tokens from Stripe/PayPal. Logs and audit trails are forwarded to a secured SIEM/Log store.

4.5. Attack Surface Analysis

Primary entry points: public Web/PWA and Admin UI, API Gateway endpoints (REST/GraphQL), and third-party integration endpoints. Exposed APIs include public product search/catalog, cart/checkout endpoints, auth/OAuth callbacks, payments orchestration endpoints, and admin APIs. Integration points include Stripe/PayPal, shipping carrier APIs, email providers, social OAuth, and marketing analytics. Risk levels: High risk for payment and auth endpoints (targeted for fraud/account takeover and payment abuse), High risk for admin interfaces (privilege abuse), Medium risk for public search/catalog endpoints (data scraping, injection if not sanitized), Medium risk for third-party integrations (credential leakage, supply-chain), Low-to-Medium risk for CDN/static content (cache poisoning). Recommended mitigations: enforce strong MFA and SCA, use tokenization for payments, WAF and rate limiting, strict RBAC with audit logging for admin, service-to-service TLS, secrets rotation, secure CI/CD pipeline, regular vulnerability scanning and pentesting, privacy controls for analytics, and DLP for logs to avoid storing PII in plain text.

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5. Threat Modeling

This section presents a comprehensive threat analysis of the system architecture and functional requirements. Threat modeling systematically identifies potential security vulnerabilities and attack vectors, enabling proactive risk mitigation through the application of appropriate security controls.

5.1. Threat Modeling Methodology

This analysis employs the STRIDE threat modeling methodology, a systematic framework developed by Microsoft for identifying security threats across six categories:

• Spoofing Identity: Threats involving impersonation of users or systems
• Tampering with Data: Threats involving unauthorized modification of data or system components
• Repudiation: Threats where users deny performing actions (lack of non-repudiation)
• Information Disclosure: Threats involving unauthorized access to sensitive information
• Denial of Service: Threats causing disruption or unavailability of system services
• Elevation of Privilege: Threats allowing unauthorized access to privileged functions

For each identified threat, the analysis evaluates likelihood (attack complexity and exposure) and impact (potential damage to confidentiality, integrity, or availability) to determine overall risk level. The methodology ensures comprehensive coverage of security concerns across all system components and interfaces.

5.2. Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment

5.2.1. Threat Overview

The following table provides a quick reference of all identified threats. Detailed analysis including descriptions, mitigation strategies, and residual risk assessment (where available) is provided in the section below.

Threat ID	Component	Category	Risk Level	Likelihood	Impact
THR-001	User Management / Frontend / Application Services	Spoofing	Critical	High	High
THR-016	Frontend / External Services (3rd-party JS vendors)	Information Disclosure	Critical	High	High
THR-002	Social Login / External Services / Application Services	Spoofing	High	Medium	High
THR-003	Frontend / Operations & Security	Information Disclosure	High	Medium	High
THR-004	Product Catalog / Frontend	Information Disclosure	High	High	Medium
THR-005	Shopping Cart & Checkout / Application Services	Tampering	High	Medium	High
THR-006	Application Services / Data Layer	Tampering	High	Medium	High
THR-007	Application Services / Admin Dashboard	Elevation of Privilege	High	Medium	High
THR-008	Admin Dashboard / Operations & Security	Elevation of Privilege	High	Medium	High
THR-009	Operations & Security / Data Layer	Information Disclosure	High	Medium	High
THR-010	Data Layer (Object Store)	Information Disclosure	High	Medium	High
THR-011	Payment Processing / Application Services / External Services	Tampering	High	Medium	High
THR-013	Edge Layer (CDN/WAF)	Denial of Service	High	Medium	High
THR-014	API Gateway / Application Services	Denial of Service	High	High	Medium
THR-017	AI Features / Data Layer	Tampering	High	Medium	High
THR-018	Chatbot / AI Features / External Services	Information Disclosure	High	Medium	High
THR-021	Admin Dashboard	Tampering	High	Medium	High
THR-022	Data Layer / Operations & Security	Information Disclosure	High	Medium	High
THR-023	Cloud Infrastructure / Data Layer	Elevation of Privilege	High	Medium	High
THR-025	Data Layer / Operations & Security	Information Disclosure	High	Medium	High
THR-026	Operations & Security	Repudiation	High	Medium	High
THR-027	Data Layer (Search Index)	Information Disclosure	High	Medium	High
THR-012	External Services (Shipping/Carriers) / Application Services	Spoofing	Medium	Medium	Medium
THR-015	Edge Layer / Data Layer (Search Index)	Tampering	Medium	Medium	Medium
THR-019	Payment Processing / Admin Dashboard	Repudiation	Medium	Medium	Medium
THR-020	Frontend / Application Services (Session Management)	Spoofing	Medium	Medium	Medium
THR-024	Authentication / Application Services	Spoofing	Medium	Medium	Medium
THR-028	Shopping Cart & Checkout / Frontend	Information Disclosure	Medium	Medium	Medium

Total Threats Identified: 28

5.2.2. Detailed Threat Analysis

This section provides comprehensive analysis of each identified threat, including descriptions, mitigation strategies, and residual risk assessment (where controls have been evaluated). Threats are organized by risk level for prioritized review.

Critical Risk Threats

THR-001 - User Management / Frontend / Application Services

• Category: Spoofing
• Likelihood: High | Impact: High
• Initial Risk Level: Critical
• Description: Credential stuffing, password reuse, or credential theft (phished credentials) allows attackers to authenticate as legitimate users and access accounts, saved payment methods, order history, and perform fraudulent purchases.
• Mitigation Strategy: Enforce strong password policies, bcrypt/argon2 hashing and salted storage, mandatory MFA (TOTP/Push) for sensitive actions, rate limiting and IP throttling, login anomaly detection, breach password detection (Have I Been Pwned), block known bad IPs, and require reauthentication for critical operations (payments/refunds).
• Controls Applied: MFA enforcement, Rate limiting / account lockout, Secure password storage / hashing, Credential stuffing detection
• Control Effectiveness: High
• Residual Risk Level: Medium
• Status: ⚠️ Requires Review

THR-016 - Frontend / External Services (3rd-party JS vendors)

• Category: Information Disclosure
• Likelihood: High | Impact: High
• Initial Risk Level: Critical
• Description: Third-party JavaScript (analytics, widgets, chatbots) compromises can exfiltrate cookies, credentials or capture PII and behavioral data; supply-chain compromises of third-party vendors lead to widespread data leakage.
• Mitigation Strategy: Minimize third-party scripts, host critical scripts locally, apply strict CSP and Subresource Integrity (SRI), monitor and vet vendors, use content isolation (iframes for untrusted scripts), and contractually require security practices from vendors.
• Controls Applied: CSP and SRI, Vendor risk management, Host critical assets locally
• Control Effectiveness: Medium
• Residual Risk Level: High
• Status: ⚠️ Requires Review

High Risk Threats

THR-002 - Social Login / External Services / Application Services

• Category: Spoofing
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Initial Risk Level: High
• Description: Compromise or misuse of social OAuth tokens or flawed OAuth integration (missing state/redirect validation, incorrect client secrets) allows attacker impersonation or account takeover.
• Mitigation Strategy: Implement OAuth best practices: validate redirect URIs against allowlist, require state and PKCE where applicable, enforce server-side token validation (token introspection/verify signatures), use short-lived tokens and refresh token rotation, monitor unusual token activity, and securely store client secrets in a secrets manager.
• Controls Applied: OAuth validation (state, redirect allowlist, PKCE), Token signature verification, Use secrets manager
• Control Effectiveness: Medium
• Residual Risk Level: Medium
• Status: ⚠️ Requires Review

THR-003 - Frontend / Operations & Security

• Category: Information Disclosure
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Initial Risk Level: High
• Description: Secrets, API keys, or credentials embedded in frontend code, public repositories, or third-party bundles can be discovered and used to access internal APIs or third-party services.
• Mitigation Strategy: Never store secrets in source or client code. Use a backend to mint short-lived tokens, employ Secrets Manager (Vault/AWS Secrets Manager), scan repos for secrets (pre-commit, CI scanners), enforce least privilege IAM and rotate keys regularly.
• Controls Applied: Secrets management, Pre-commit/CI secret scanning, Short-lived backend tokens
• Control Effectiveness: High
• Residual Risk Level: Low
• Status: ⚠️ Requires Review

THR-004 - Product Catalog / Frontend

• Category: Information Disclosure
• Likelihood: High | Impact: Medium
• Initial Risk Level: High
• Description: Stored XSS through product reviews or user-generated content allows attackers to execute scripts in other users’ browsers, steal session tokens, manipulate UI, or perform actions on behalf of users.
• Mitigation Strategy: Sanitize and encode all user-supplied content on output, apply Content Security Policy (CSP) with strict script-src, use safe rendering libraries, moderate reviews, and use WAF rules to detect malicious payloads.
• Controls Applied: Output encoding, Input sanitization, Content Security Policy (CSP), WAF
• Control Effectiveness: Medium
• Residual Risk Level: Medium
• Status: ⚠️ Requires Review

THR-005 - Shopping Cart & Checkout / Application Services

• Category: Tampering
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Initial Risk Level: High
• Description: CSRF or forged checkout requests cause unauthorized orders, coupon manipulation, or changes to cart state leading to financial loss or inventory issues.
• Mitigation Strategy: Require anti-CSRF tokens for state-changing endpoints, use SameSite=Strict cookies, require reauthentication or CVV input for payment operations, validate origin and referer headers, and use idempotency keys for checkout APIs.
• Controls Applied: CSRF tokens, SameSite cookies, Idempotency keys
• Control Effectiveness: Medium
• Residual Risk Level: Medium
• Status: ⚠️ Requires Review

THR-006 - Application Services / Data Layer

• Category: Tampering
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Initial Risk Level: High
• Description: SQL injection or other injection attacks against APIs or administration interfaces allow attackers to read, modify or delete database records including PII and order data.
• Mitigation Strategy: Use parameterized queries/ORM with prepared statements, input validation and whitelisting, least-privilege DB accounts, periodic code review and static analysis scanning, DB activity monitoring, and WAF rules for known injection patterns.
• Controls Applied: Parameterized queries / ORM, Input validation, WAF, Database least privilege
• Control Effectiveness: Medium
• Residual Risk Level: Medium
• Status: ⚠️ Requires Review

THR-007 - Application Services / Admin Dashboard

• Category: Elevation of Privilege
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Initial Risk Level: High
• Description: Broken access control (missing object-level authorization) allows attackers or low-privileged users to access or modify other users’ orders, payment info, or administrative functions.
• Mitigation Strategy: Enforce server-side RBAC and ABAC, perform object-level authorization checks (owner checks), use least privilege for service accounts, implement automated authorization tests, and log authorization failures.
• Controls Applied: RBAC/ABAC enforcement, Object-level authorization, Authorization testing
• Control Effectiveness: Medium
• Residual Risk Level: Medium
• Status: ⚠️ Requires Review

THR-008 - Admin Dashboard / Operations & Security

• Category: Elevation of Privilege
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Initial Risk Level: High
• Description: Admin account takeover via weak credentials, default accounts, lack of MFA, or stolen administrative tokens leads to full control over product/catalog, orders, refunds, and PII.
• Mitigation Strategy: Enforce MFA for all admin users, restrict admin UI access by IP or VPN, use separate admin VPC or bastion hosts, rotate and centrally manage admin credentials via SSO, require short sessions and reauth for critical operations.
• Controls Applied: MFA for admin, Network restrictions (IP allowlist/VPN), SSO for admin access
• Control Effectiveness: High
• Residual Risk Level: Low
• Status: ⚠️ Requires Review

THR-009 - Operations & Security / Data Layer

• Category: Information Disclosure
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Initial Risk Level: High
• Description: Sensitive customer data (PII, addresses, partially masked payment info) ends up in logs, debug dumps, or backups which are accessible to unauthorized personnel or leaked.
• Mitigation Strategy: Redact or mask PII in logs, centralize log management with strict access controls, encrypt backups at rest, enforce retention policies, and audit access to logs and backups via SIEM.
• Controls Applied: Log redaction, Encrypted backups, SIEM auditing
• Control Effectiveness: Medium
• Residual Risk Level: Medium
• Status: ⚠️ Requires Review

THR-010 - Data Layer (Object Store)

• Category: Information Disclosure
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Initial Risk Level: High
• Description: Publicly accessible object store buckets (product images or backups) expose product assets or PII stored in objects (e.g., unprotected customer-uploaded files or debug dumps).
• Mitigation Strategy: Block public access by default, enforce bucket policies and IAM roles, use signed URLs for private assets, enable encryption at rest, enable object-level logging and alerts for policy changes, and perform regular cloud configuration scans.
• Controls Applied: Bucket policy / block public access, Signed URLs, Cloud configuration scanning
• Control Effectiveness: High
• Residual Risk Level: Low
• Status: ⚠️ Requires Review

THR-011 - Payment Processing / Application Services / External Services

• Category: Tampering
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Initial Risk Level: High
• Description: Manipulated or replayed payment tokens, or weak validation of payment webhooks, could allow fraudulent charges, refunds, or mismatched order/payment state.
• Mitigation Strategy: Use tokenized payment methods (Stripe/PCI best practices), validate webhook signatures, enforce idempotency for payment operations, reconcile transactions, and require server-side verification of tokens with payment provider.
• Controls Applied: Payment tokenization, Webhook signature validation, Idempotency keys
• Control Effectiveness: Medium
• Residual Risk Level: Medium
• Status: ⚠️ Requires Review

THR-013 - Edge Layer (CDN/WAF)

• Category: Denial of Service
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Initial Risk Level: High
• Description: DDoS or application-layer floods overwhelm the CDN or origin, causing outages and degraded user experience for customers in EU/US markets.
• Mitigation Strategy: Use reputable CDN with DDoS protection, WAF with tuned rulesets, rate limiting, traffic scrubbing, autoscaling and failover origins, and implement caching of safe content to reduce origin load.
• Controls Applied: CDN DDoS protection, WAF + rate limiting, Autoscaling / failover
• Control Effectiveness: Medium
• Residual Risk Level: Medium
• Status: ⚠️ Requires Review

THR-014 - API Gateway / Application Services

• Category: Denial of Service
• Likelihood: High | Impact: Medium
• Initial Risk Level: High
• Description: API abuse via brute-force, credential stuffing, or excessive automated requests to search, checkout or recommendation APIs leads to performance degradation or resource exhaustion.
• Mitigation Strategy: Implement API rate limits per IP/API key, request quotas, bot detection, CAPTCHAs for suspicious flows, client authentication for privileged APIs, and monitoring/alerting on anomalous traffic patterns.
• Controls Applied: Rate limiting, Bot detection / CAPTCHA, API key management
• Control Effectiveness: Medium
• Residual Risk Level: Medium
• Status: ⚠️ Requires Review

THR-017 - AI Features / Data Layer

• Category: Tampering
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Initial Risk Level: High
• Description: Poisoning of training data or manipulation of analytics inputs for recommendation models causes biased or malicious product recommendations, potentially leading to fraud, poor UX, or reputational damage.
• Mitigation Strategy: Validate and sanitize training data, isolate training datasets, use checksums and provenance metadata, apply anomaly detection on training inputs, employ robust ML testing, and limit model update windows with human review for major changes.
• Controls Applied: Training data validation, Model change controls, Anomaly detection for inputs
• Control Effectiveness: Medium
• Residual Risk Level: Medium
• Status: ⚠️ Requires Review

THR-018 - Chatbot / AI Features / External Services

• Category: Information Disclosure
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Initial Risk Level: High
• Description: Chatbot or AI integrations inadvertently send or reveal PII (order numbers, addresses, payment metadata) to external model providers or third-parties, violating GDPR/PCI and exposing customer data.
• Mitigation Strategy: Redact PII before sending to external models, use on-prem or private model endpoints where possible, implement strict data handling policies, log and alert on PII leakage attempts, and ensure contractual DPIA and data processing agreements with providers.
• Controls Applied: PII redaction, Private model endpoints, Data processing agreements (DPAs)
• Control Effectiveness: Medium
• Residual Risk Level: Medium
• Status: ⚠️ Requires Review

THR-021 - Admin Dashboard

• Category: Tampering
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Initial Risk Level: High
• Description: CSRF or forged requests targeting administrative actions (e.g., price changes, inventory changes, refunds) executed without proper anti-CSRF protections.
• Mitigation Strategy: Use strong CSRF tokens for admin endpoints, require re-authentication/MFA for critical actions, validate Origin/Referer headers, and restrict admin UI access by network controls.
• Controls Applied: CSRF protection, MFA for critical ops, Network access restrictions
• Control Effectiveness: High
• Residual Risk Level: Low
• Status: ⚠️ Requires Review

THR-022 - Data Layer / Operations & Security

• Category: Information Disclosure
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Initial Risk Level: High
• Description: Insider threats: privileged DB users or operations personnel intentionally or accidentally access or exfiltrate PII, order or payment data.
• Mitigation Strategy: Implement least-privilege access, just-in-time admin access, strong audit logging and alerting (SIEM), separation of duties, and regular access reviews; encrypt sensitive fields so operators cannot read them without explicit decryption.
• Controls Applied: Just-in-time access / RBAC, SIEM and alerting, Field-level encryption
• Control Effectiveness: Medium
• Residual Risk Level: Medium
• Status: ⚠️ Requires Review

THR-023 - Cloud Infrastructure / Data Layer

• Category: Elevation of Privilege
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Initial Risk Level: High
• Description: Misconfigured cloud IAM policies or overly permissive roles allow attackers or compromised service accounts to access databases, storage, or change configuration.
• Mitigation Strategy: Adopt least privilege IAM, enforce organization policies, use IAM role separation for services, automate IaC reviews and policy-as-code checks (e.g., OPA, Terraform Sentinel), rotate credentials and use service account impersonation where possible.
• Controls Applied: Least privilege IAM, IaC scanning and policy-as-code, Automated permission audits
• Control Effectiveness: Medium
• Residual Risk Level: Medium
• Status: ⚠️ Requires Review

THR-025 - Data Layer / Operations & Security

• Category: Information Disclosure
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Initial Risk Level: High
• Description: Weak or misconfigured encryption (at rest or in transit) or poor key management leads to unauthorized data access or decryption of backups and stored data.
• Mitigation Strategy: Use strong, modern cryptographic algorithms, enforce TLS 1.2+/HTTPS everywhere, use cloud KMS or HSM for key management, implement key rotation, and limit key access via IAM policies.
• Controls Applied: TLS everywhere, KMS/HSM-based key management, Encryption at rest
• Control Effectiveness: High
• Residual Risk Level: Low
• Status: ✅ Accepted

THR-026 - Operations & Security

• Category: Repudiation
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Initial Risk Level: High
• Description: Gaps in logging, monitoring and alerting enable attackers to operate for long periods without detection, increasing scope and impact of breaches.
• Mitigation Strategy: Centralize logs to SIEM, enforce immutable logs where possible, create detection rules for high-risk behaviors, maintain runbooks and incident response processes, and test detection through regular purple team/red team exercises.
• Controls Applied: SIEM centralization, Detection engineering, Incident response runbooks
• Control Effectiveness: Medium
• Residual Risk Level: Medium
• Status: ⚠️ Requires Review

THR-027 - Data Layer (Search Index)

• Category: Information Disclosure
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Initial Risk Level: High
• Description: Search index or analytics stores inadvertently index PII or sensitive fields and expose them via search APIs or dashboards.
• Mitigation Strategy: Design index schema to exclude sensitive fields, tokenise or redact PII before indexing, enforce access controls on search APIs and dashboards, and regularly scan indices for prohibited content.
• Controls Applied: Index schema filtering, PII tokenization, Access control on search APIs
• Control Effectiveness: Medium
• Residual Risk Level: Medium
• Status: ⚠️ Requires Review

Medium Risk Threats

THR-012 - External Services (Shipping/Carriers) / Application Services

• Category: Spoofing
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: Medium
• Initial Risk Level: Medium
• Description: Spoofed or forged webhooks/notifications from shipping carriers or third-party integrations result in incorrect order status updates, triggering refunds or revealing tracking/addresses.
• Mitigation Strategy: Validate webhook signatures or use mutual TLS, allowlist sender IPs (where stable), include challenge-response/nonce mechanisms, and correlate webhook data against internal records before taking action.
• Controls Applied: Webhook signature verification, Mutual TLS / IP allowlist, Webhook replay protection
• Control Effectiveness: High
• Residual Risk Level: Low
• Status: ✅ Accepted

THR-015 - Edge Layer / Data Layer (Search Index)

• Category: Tampering
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: Medium
• Initial Risk Level: Medium
• Description: Cache or index poisoning (e.g., tainted search results or malicious cached content) can serve malicious or misleading content to users.
• Mitigation Strategy: Validate and sanitize content before indexing, protect index write paths, use signed URLs to prevent cache poisoning, configure cache-control headers correctly, and monitor content integrity of caches and indexes.
• Controls Applied: Index write protection, Content validation, Cache-control and signed URLs
• Control Effectiveness: Medium
• Residual Risk Level: Low
• Status: ✅ Accepted

THR-019 - Payment Processing / Admin Dashboard

• Category: Repudiation
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: Medium
• Initial Risk Level: Medium
• Description: Fraudulent refunds, chargeback fraud, or disputes engineered by attackers (or colluding insiders) cause financial loss and operational overhead.
• Mitigation Strategy: Implement robust transaction monitoring and fraud scoring, require additional verification for refunds, maintain strong audit trails, reconcile payments with goods shipped, and apply manual review for high-risk refunds.
• Controls Applied: Fraud detection systems, Audit trails for refunds, Manual review thresholds
• Control Effectiveness: Medium
• Residual Risk Level: Low
• Status: ⚠️ Requires Review

THR-020 - Frontend / Application Services (Session Management)

• Category: Spoofing
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: Medium
• Initial Risk Level: Medium
• Description: Improper session handling (session fixation, missing rotation at login, insecure cookie flags) allows attackers to hijack sessions and impersonate users.
• Mitigation Strategy: Rotate session IDs on authentication, set HttpOnly and Secure cookie flags, use SameSite attributes, use short session lifetimes and refresh tokens, and invalidate sessions on password change/logout.
• Controls Applied: Session rotation on auth, HttpOnly/Secure/SameSite cookies, Short session TTLs
• Control Effectiveness: High
• Residual Risk Level: Negligible
• Status: ✅ Accepted

THR-024 - Authentication / Application Services

• Category: Spoofing
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: Medium
• Initial Risk Level: Medium
• Description: Open redirect or unvalidated redirect URIs in OAuth flows enable phishing or token-stealing redirects, allowing attackers to capture authorization codes or tokens.
• Mitigation Strategy: Strictly validate redirect URIs against an allowlist, avoid dynamic redirects, implement PKCE for public clients, and require exact matching for registered redirect URIs.
• Controls Applied: Redirect URI allowlist, PKCE for public clients
• Control Effectiveness: High
• Residual Risk Level: Low
• Status: ✅ Accepted

THR-028 - Shopping Cart & Checkout / Frontend

• Category: Information Disclosure
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: Medium
• Initial Risk Level: Medium
• Description: Guest checkout correlates device/user behavior causing privacy leakage or unintended linking of user profiles across sessions (tracking), or allows attackers to exploit guest flows for fraud.
• Mitigation Strategy: Minimize data collected for guest checkout, separate guest and authenticated data stores, apply fraud scoring to guest orders, provide explicit consent and privacy notices, and limit guest order capabilities for high-risk transactions.
• Controls Applied: Data minimization for guest flows, Guest-specific fraud scoring
• Control Effectiveness: Low
• Residual Risk Level: Medium
• Status: ⚠️ Requires Review

Risk Reduction Summary:

• Critical Risk Reduction: 2 threats reduced from Critical to lower levels
• High Risk Reduction: 20 threats reduced from High to lower levels
• Residual Risk Distribution: 1 threats remain at Critical/High level

5.3. Risk Summary

The most critical threats are account compromise (credential stuffing and OAuth token misuse), third-party JavaScript and supply-chain risks, injection and data-exfiltration vectors (DB and object store misconfigurations), and AI/chatbot data leakage — these can lead to large-scale PII exposure, financial loss, and legal non-compliance (GDPR/PCI). Overall posture: moderate-to-high risk if baseline controls are not mature. Key attacker entry points: authentication flows (email/password and social OAuth), third-party scripts loaded in the frontend, public cloud storage misconfigurations, webhook and API endpoints, and admin interfaces. Priority areas for controls: 1) Strong authentication and MFA, credential stuffing defenses and session hygiene; 2) Secrets management and cloud configuration hardening (S3/bucket policies, IAM least privilege); 3) Hardened API gateway (rate limiting, bot detection, webhook signing, idempotency); 4) WAF/CDN DDoS protections and CSP/SRI to mitigate third-party JS risks; 5) Data protection controls—encryption, log redaction, PII tokenization—across data stores and search indices; 6) Secure AI/data pipelines and PII redaction for any external model calls; 7) Robust monitoring, SIEM, and incident response with regular access reviews. Addressing these prioritized areas will materially reduce the highest-risk threats and improve compliance posture for EU/US operations.

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6. Multi-Standard Security Requirements Mapping

This section maps each functional requirement to specific security controls from multiple industry standards: OWASP Application Security Verification Standard (ASVS), NIST SP 800-53 Rev 5, and ISO 27001:2022. This multi-standard approach provides comprehensive coverage across application-level, enterprise-level, and organizational-level security domains:

• OWASP ASVS: Application-level security controls (code, APIs, authentication, session management)
• NIST SP 800-53: Enterprise security controls (governance, risk management, incident response)
• ISO 27001: Information security management controls (policies, procedures, organizational controls)

Requirements are prioritized based on risk assessment and compliance needs, with controls selected from the most appropriate standard(s) for each requirement type.

6.1. Recommended ASVS Compliance Level

Recommended Level: L2

Level 2: Standard

Recommended for most production applications. Provides comprehensive security coverage suitable for applications handling sensitive data or operating in regulated environments. Includes controls for authentication, authorization, data protection, and secure communications.

The recommendation considers factors such as:

• Data sensitivity and classification levels
• Regulatory and compliance requirements (GDPR, HIPAA, PCI-DSS, etc.)
• Threat landscape and risk assessment from threat modeling
• Business criticality and potential impact of security incidents

All security controls referenced in this document align with this recommended compliance level.

6.2. Requirements Mapping

This section maps each high-level requirement to specific security controls from multiple standards (OWASP ASVS, NIST SP 800-53, ISO 27001) with detailed descriptions, relevance explanations, and integration guidance. Controls are grouped by standard for clarity.

6.2.1. REQ-1: User registration and login with email/password and optional multi-factor authentication

OWASP ASVS Controls

2.2.1

Requirement: Verify that passwords are stored using a strong one-way function with a work factor (e.g., Argon2, bcrypt, PBKDF2).

Relevance: Password-based login requires secure credential storage to prevent compromise if the database is breached. Strong one-way hashing with a work factor mitigates offline cracking risks.

Integration Tips: Use a vetted library for Argon2id or bcrypt with configurable cost parameters. Enforce minimum password length and complexity separately and ensure unique per-user salts.

Verification Method: Review code and configuration for hashing algorithm and parameters; inspect a sample of stored hashes; conduct penetration testing for credential storage weaknesses.

Level: L1 | Priority: Critical

2.6.1

Requirement: Verify that all high-value transactions and administrative access require multi-factor authentication.

Relevance: Optional MFA reduces risk of account takeover for sensitive operations and admin access. It adds a second factor beyond password, addressing phishing and credential stuffing.

Integration Tips: Support TOTP and WebAuthn as MFA options and allow step-up authentication for sensitive actions. Securely enroll factors and provide recovery processes that do not weaken security.

Verification Method: Configuration review to confirm MFA enforcement on high-value actions; test flows requiring step-up; review logs for MFA challenge events.

Level: L2 | Priority: High

2.1.1

Requirement: Verify that all authentication pathways and identity management APIs implement secure password recovery and reset processes.

Relevance: Account recovery is part of the authentication lifecycle and often exploited to bypass login controls. Secure reset prevents unauthorized account access.

Integration Tips: Use tokenized, time-limited reset links with single use and strong randomness; verify user ownership via email with anti-enumeration protections. Log and monitor resets.

Verification Method: Review reset implementation; test token entropy and expiry; attempt enumeration and reuse attacks during security testing.

Level: L1 | Priority: High

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

IA-2

Requirement: The information system uniquely identifies and authenticates organizational users (or processes acting on behalf of organizational users).

Relevance: Unique identification and authentication ensures each user’s actions are attributable and access is controlled. It underpins secure registration and login functions.

Integration Tips: Ensure unique user IDs and robust authentication workflows including account lifecycle management. Implement protections against brute force and account enumeration.

Verification Method: Review authentication design and user directory; verify unique identifiers; perform authentication testing including brute-force protections.

Priority: High

6.2.2. REQ-2: Social login via Google and Facebook

OWASP ASVS Controls

2.7.1

Requirement: Verify that federated authentication (e.g., SAML, OAuth, OpenID Connect) is securely implemented and validated on the server side.

Relevance: Social login relies on OAuth/OIDC; proper server-side validation prevents token substitution and forgery. Ensures only valid assertions grant access.

Integration Tips: Use well-maintained OIDC libraries; validate authorization code and tokens server-side. Enforce HTTPS, PKCE, and strict redirect URI whitelisting.

Verification Method: Review OIDC configuration; perform tests for token validation, redirect URI tampering, and PKCE enforcement.

Level: L2 | Priority: Critical

2.7.3

Requirement: Verify that the application only accepts tokens from trusted identity providers and validates signatures, expiry, audience, and issuer.

Relevance: Validating token signatures and claims ensures tokens are from Google/Facebook and intended for this app. Prevents replay and audience misbinding.

Integration Tips: Pin IdP issuer and JWKS endpoints; cache and rotate signing keys. Enforce token lifetime checks and exact audience/client ID matching.

Verification Method: Inspect token validation code; simulate expired/forged tokens; verify JWKS signature validation and issuer/audience checks.

Level: L2 | Priority: High

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

AC-10

Requirement: The information system limits the number of concurrent sessions for each account and/or account type.

Relevance: Social login may increase session proliferation; limiting concurrent sessions reduces risk from token leakage and account sharing.

Integration Tips: Implement server-side session tracking keyed to user identity and social IdP accounts. Enforce configurable limits and terminate older sessions if exceeded.

Verification Method: Configuration review and functional testing to confirm concurrent session limits and termination behavior.

Priority: Medium

ISO 27001:2022 Controls

A.9.4.2

Requirement: Secure log-on procedures shall be implemented to control access to systems and applications.

Relevance: Federated login is a log-on procedure that must be secured to prevent unauthorized access. Aligns social login flows with organizational access policies.

Integration Tips: Document social login procedures, including approved IdPs and fallback. Enforce MFA or step-up for sensitive sessions even with social login.

Verification Method: Policy review and authentication flow testing against secure log-on criteria.

Priority: Medium

6.2.3. REQ-3: User profiles containing shipping addresses, saved payment method tokens, and contact preferences

OWASP ASVS Controls

1.2.1

Requirement: Verify that all sensitive data is identified, classified, and protected according to its classification.

Relevance: Profiles contain PII and payment tokens which must be identified and handled as sensitive. Classification informs protection levels and handling.

Integration Tips: Catalog profile fields and tag sensitivity; set protection policies for tokens and PII. Restrict access and apply stronger controls to high-sensitivity data.

Verification Method: Review data inventory, classifications, and mapped controls; sample storage and access paths.

Level: L1 | Priority: High

4.1.1

Requirement: Verify that a centralized, robust access control mechanism is in place and can be enforced across all application components.

Relevance: Centralized authorization is essential to prevent unauthorized access to profile data across services and interfaces.

Integration Tips: Use a central authorization service or middleware; define fine-grained permissions for profile read/write and token access.

Verification Method: Design review; test access control enforcement across endpoints and services.

Level: L1 | Priority: High

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

SC-28

Requirement: The information system protects the confidentiality and integrity of information at rest.

Relevance: Addresses and tokens stored at rest need encryption and integrity protection to prevent unauthorized disclosure or tampering.

Integration Tips: Encrypt profile tables and secrets using approved algorithms and managed keys; enforce HSM/KMS-backed key management with access controls.

Verification Method: Architecture and config review for at-rest encryption; validate KMS/HSM usage; database-level checks.

Priority: Critical

ISO 27001:2022 Controls

A.8.2.1

Requirement: Information shall be classified in terms of legal requirements, value, criticality and sensitivity to unauthorised disclosure or modification.

Relevance: PII and payment tokens require classification to drive privacy and security controls. Ensures compliance with legal obligations.

Integration Tips: Define categories (e.g., PII, financial token) and apply labeling in data catalogs and schemas. Align retention and access with classification.

Verification Method: Policy review and spot-checks of labeled datasets and associated controls.

Priority: High

6.2.4. REQ-4: Order history tracking and order detail viewing

OWASP ASVS Controls

4.2.1

Requirement: Verify that users can only access data and functions for which they are authorized, using deny-by-default.

Relevance: Order histories contain sensitive details; enforcing per-user access prevents horizontal privilege escalation.

Integration Tips: Implement ownership checks on every order retrieval using server-side authorization policies. Default to deny and explicitly allow owned resources.

Verification Method: Unit/integration tests for IDOR; code review for ownership checks on order endpoints.

Level: L1 | Priority: Critical

9.1.1

Requirement: Verify that sensitive personal data is protected in storage and only exposed to authorized users.

Relevance: Order details include PII; data must be protected at rest and only shown to authorized parties.

Integration Tips: Encrypt sensitive fields and redact on UI where not needed. Apply access policies and audit reads.

Verification Method: Database review for encryption/redaction; access tests for unauthorized exposure.

Level: L1 | Priority: High

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

AU-2

Requirement: The organization determines, documents, and implements the types of events that the information system is to log.

Relevance: Access to order histories should be logged for accountability and incident investigation.

Integration Tips: Log order view events with subject, object, and outcome; document retention and review procedures.

Verification Method: Log configuration review and sampling; verify coverage of order access events.

Priority: Medium

6.2.5. REQ-5: Guest checkout with temporary cart persistence

OWASP ASVS Controls

3.1.1

Requirement: Verify that a new session is created after login, and that session identifiers are unpredictable and securely generated.

Relevance: Guest carts rely on session identifiers for persistence; unpredictable IDs reduce session fixation and hijacking risk.

Integration Tips: Use cryptographically strong random session IDs stored in HttpOnly, Secure cookies; rotate session on privilege changes.

Verification Method: Review session ID generation; test for predictability and rotation behaviors.

Level: L1 | Priority: High

3.4.1

Requirement: Verify that sessions automatically expire after a defined period of inactivity.

Relevance: Temporary cart persistence should expire to limit exposure on shared devices and reduce misuse.

Integration Tips: Set short inactivity and absolute timeouts for guest sessions; clear server-side cart data upon expiry.

Verification Method: Configuration review; functional testing of timeouts and data clearing.

Level: L1 | Priority: Medium

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

SC-23

Requirement: The information system protects the authenticity of communications sessions.

Relevance: Ensuring session authenticity prevents hijacking of guest carts during checkout.

Integration Tips: Enforce TLS and set cookie flags (Secure, HttpOnly, SameSite); implement anti-replay measures for state-changing requests.

Verification Method: Network and cookie flag inspection; test for session fixation and hijacking.

Priority: High

6.2.6. REQ-6: Product catalog browsing by category and hierarchical taxonomy management

OWASP ASVS Controls

4.1.2

Requirement: Verify that administrative interfaces are protected with strong access controls and are not exposed to untrusted networks.

Relevance: Taxonomy management interfaces must be restricted to authorized staff to prevent catalog tampering.

Integration Tips: Place admin UIs behind VPN or allowlist; require MFA and RBAC for catalog editing roles.

Verification Method: Access control testing of admin endpoints; network exposure checks.

Level: L1 | Priority: High

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

CM-3

Requirement: The organization documents and controls changes to the information system.

Relevance: Catalog structures are configuration-like assets; change control helps prevent errors and unauthorized edits.

Integration Tips: Use controlled workflows for category edits with audit trails; segregate duties for approvers vs. editors.

Verification Method: Process documentation and system audit trail review.

Priority: Medium

ISO 27001:2022 Controls

A.12.1.2

Requirement: Changes to the organization, business processes, information processing facilities and systems that affect information security shall be controlled.

Relevance: Catalog and taxonomy updates are changes that could impact integrity and access; controlled change reduces risk of unauthorized modifications.

Integration Tips: Require approvals and change tickets for taxonomy updates; maintain version control and rollback procedures.

Verification Method: Change management records review and sample of catalog changes.

Priority: Medium

6.2.7. REQ-7: Search with faceted filters, autocomplete, relevance tuning, and pagination

OWASP ASVS Controls

5.3.2

Requirement: Verify that all user inputs are validated on the server side using positive validation.

Relevance: Search parameters, facets, and pagination inputs can be abused for injection or excessive load; validation prevents malicious input.

Integration Tips: Whitelist fields, types and ranges for facets and page controls; reject or sanitize unexpected parameters.

Verification Method: Code review of validation logic; negative testing of search inputs.

Level: L1 | Priority: High

7.1.1

Requirement: Verify that the application enforces rate limiting to prevent automated abuse.

Relevance: Autocomplete and search endpoints are prime targets for scraping and DoS; rate limiting mitigates abuse.

Integration Tips: Apply IP/user-level quotas and backoff; protect with WAF or API gateway rate limiting.

Verification Method: Configuration review and load testing to confirm throttling.

Level: L2 | Priority: Medium

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

SI-10

Requirement: The information system checks the validity of inputs.

Relevance: Supports server-side validation for search queries and filters to ensure robust input handling.

Integration Tips: Centralize validation routines and enforce schema-based checks on search APIs.

Verification Method: Design review and functional tests for invalid inputs.

Priority: Medium

6.2.8. REQ-8: Product detail pages with images, technical specifications, inventory status, and related products

OWASP ASVS Controls

5.1.3

Requirement: Verify that output encoding is applied to all untrusted data to prevent XSS in HTML, JavaScript, and other contexts.

Relevance: Product data may contain untrusted content; output encoding prevents XSS on detail pages.

Integration Tips: Use auto-escaping templating engines and context-appropriate encoders for HTML, attributes, and JSON.

Verification Method: Code review for encoding; dynamic testing for XSS vectors in product fields.

Level: L1 | Priority: High

10.1.2

Requirement: Verify that a Content Security Policy (CSP) is in place to protect against content injection and XSS.

Relevance: CSP reduces XSS impact from image/spec fields and third-party content on product pages.

Integration Tips: Implement a strict CSP with nonce/hashed scripts and limited media sources; monitor violations.

Verification Method: Response header inspection; test CSP enforcement and report-only logs.

Level: L2 | Priority: Medium

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

SI-7

Requirement: The information system implements integrity verification mechanisms to detect unauthorized changes to software and information.

Relevance: Inventory status and specs should be protected against tampering; integrity checks detect unauthorized changes.

Integration Tips: Use checksums/signatures for static assets and integrity monitoring on product data stores.

Verification Method: Review integrity monitoring configuration and alerts.

Priority: Medium

6.2.9. REQ-9: Customer reviews and star ratings with moderation workflow

OWASP ASVS Controls

5.3.3

Requirement: Verify that uploaded or user-supplied content is validated, sanitized and handled safely.

Relevance: User-generated reviews can carry XSS or malicious payloads; server-side sanitization reduces risk.

Integration Tips: Strip scripts/HTML or use an allowlist sanitizer; store and render safely with output encoding.

Verification Method: Review sanitization logic; fuzz testing with malicious review content.

Level: L1 | Priority: High

7.3.1

Requirement: Verify that security-relevant events are logged, including input validation failures and administrative actions.

Relevance: Moderation workflows require traceability of actions and attempted abuses.

Integration Tips: Log review submissions, moderation decisions, and failures with user and object identifiers.

Verification Method: Log review and sampling for moderation events.

Level: L1 | Priority: Medium

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

AU-6

Requirement: The organization reviews and analyzes information system audit records for indications of inappropriate or unusual activity.

Relevance: Regular analysis of review-related logs helps detect abuse, spam, or coordinated attacks.

Integration Tips: Feed logs to SIEM with alerts for spikes, repeated failures, or flagged content.

Verification Method: SIEM rule review and alert testing.

Priority: Medium

6.2.10. REQ-10: Shopping cart management: add, update quantity, remove items, persist carts across sessions

OWASP ASVS Controls

3.5.1

Requirement: Verify that a robust anti-CSRF mechanism is in place for all authenticated state-changing operations.

Relevance: Cart modifications are state-changing actions subject to CSRF; protection prevents unauthorized changes.

Integration Tips: Implement synchronizer tokens or double-submit cookies with same-site and origin checks.

Verification Method: Penetration testing for CSRF; review presence and validation of tokens.

Level: L1 | Priority: High

4.3.1

Requirement: Verify that access controls are enforced in trusted server-side code or serverless functions.

Relevance: Cart operations must enforce ownership so users cannot modify others’ carts.

Integration Tips: Tie carts to authenticated user IDs or secure session IDs; validate ownership on each request.

Verification Method: Test for IDOR on cart endpoints; code review for server-side checks.

Level: L1 | Priority: High

ISO 27001:2022 Controls

A.14.1.3

Requirement: Information involved in application service transactions shall be protected to prevent incomplete transmission, misrouting, unauthorized message alteration, unauthorized disclosure, unauthorized message duplication or replay.

Relevance: Cart transactions must be protected against tampering and replay to ensure correctness.

Integration Tips: Use TLS, anti-replay nonces, and idempotency keys for cart operations; verify message integrity server-side.

Verification Method: Protocol and header inspection; test replay and tampering scenarios.

Priority: Medium

6.2.11. REQ-11: Promotions and discount code application with validation rules

OWASP ASVS Controls

5.3.2

Requirement: Verify that all user inputs are validated on the server side using positive validation.

Relevance: Promo codes are user input susceptible to injection or logic abuse; server-side validation enforces format and rules.

Integration Tips: Whitelist code formats, enforce redemption limits and validity windows; never trust client-side checks.

Verification Method: Review validation and business rule enforcement; test malformed and edge cases.

Level: L1 | Priority: High

7.1.1

Requirement: Verify that the application enforces rate limiting to prevent automated abuse.

Relevance: Attackers may brute-force discount codes; rate limiting curbs enumeration.

Integration Tips: Apply per-account/IP quotas and CAPTCHA on repeated failures.

Verification Method: Attempt automated enumeration; verify throttling triggers.

Level: L2 | Priority: Medium

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

AU-12

Requirement: The information system provides audit record generation capability for the events defined by AU-2.

Relevance: Tracking code applications aids in detecting abuse and reconciling promotions.

Integration Tips: Log code entry attempts, successes, failures, and user identifiers.

Verification Method: Log review for promo-related events and correlation.

Priority: Medium

6.2.12. REQ-12: Checkout flow supporting multiple payment methods (credit card via Stripe, PayPal, Apple Pay), and saved payment methods using tokenization

OWASP ASVS Controls

9.1.2

Requirement: Verify that sensitive data is encrypted in transit and at rest using approved algorithms.

Relevance: Payment flows and tokens must be protected during transmission and storage to prevent theft.

Integration Tips: Use TLS 1.2+ with strong ciphers; store tokens only, not PANs, and encrypt at rest with managed keys.

Verification Method: Transport security scan; data store encryption verification.

Level: L1 | Priority: Critical

9.3.1

Requirement: Verify that cryptographic controls are implemented properly for protecting sensitive data.

Relevance: Proper crypto implementation is crucial for tokenization and protecting payment-related data.

Integration Tips: Use established tokenization services; manage keys via KMS/HSM with rotation and least privilege.

Verification Method: Crypto configuration review and key management assessment.

Level: L2 | Priority: High

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

SC-12

Requirement: The organization establishes and manages cryptographic keys for required cryptography employed within organizational information systems.

Relevance: Key management underpins encryption and token security for payment data.

Integration Tips: Implement centralized KMS with strict access controls, rotation, and auditing for payment keys.

Verification Method: KMS policy and audit log review; key rotation evidence.

Priority: High

6.2.13. REQ-13: Secure payment processing and PCI-DSS compliant handling of card transactions

OWASP ASVS Controls

1.3.2

Requirement: Verify that all security requirements and controls are identified and documented, including compliance and privacy obligations.

Relevance: PCI-DSS obligations must be identified and documented to ensure scope and compliant controls for card processing.

Integration Tips: Document PCI scope, data flows, and requirements; prefer SAQ-A by using hosted fields/redirect to providers.

Verification Method: Review compliance documentation and data flow diagrams.

Level: L1 | Priority: Critical

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

SA-9

Requirement: The organization requires that providers of external information system services comply with organizational information security requirements and employ appropriate security controls.

Relevance: Using Stripe/PayPal requires ensuring vendors meet PCI obligations and security expectations.

Integration Tips: Obtain attestation of compliance (AOC) from processors; include security requirements in contracts and monitor compliance.

Verification Method: Vendor due diligence records and contract review.

Priority: High

ISO 27001:2022 Controls

A.15.1.1

Requirement: Information security requirements for mitigating the risks associated with supplier’s access to the organization’s assets shall be agreed with the supplier and documented.

Relevance: Formalizes security requirements with payment processors and related suppliers handling card data.

Integration Tips: Define PCI-related controls, incident reporting, and audit rights in supplier agreements.

Verification Method: Supplier agreement review for security clauses.

Priority: High

6.2.14. REQ-14: Refund and chargeback handling with reconciliation and audit trails

OWASP ASVS Controls

7.3.2

Requirement: Verify that all administrative actions, access control decisions, and security-relevant events are logged with sufficient detail to establish accountability.

Relevance: Administrative refund operations must be logged to support accountability and detect misuse.

Integration Tips: Log admin IDs, action types, amounts, and approval workflow steps; protect logs from tampering.

Verification Method: Log protection and completeness checks.

Level: L1 | Priority: High

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

AU-3

Requirement: Audit records contain sufficient information to establish what events occurred, the sources of the events, and the outcomes of the events.

Relevance: Refunds and chargebacks require detailed audit trails for financial reconciliation and fraud investigation.

Integration Tips: Capture who, what, when, where, and result for all refund/chargeback actions; include references to orders and payment IDs.

Verification Method: Audit log content review to confirm required fields.

Priority: High

ISO 27001:2022 Controls

A.12.4.1

Requirement: Event logs recording user activities, exceptions, faults and information security events shall be produced, kept and regularly reviewed.

Relevance: Ensures refund and chargeback activities are logged and reviewed regularly for anomalies.

Integration Tips: Define review cadence and alert thresholds for financial events; retain logs per policy.

Verification Method: Policy and review evidence checks.

Priority: Medium

6.2.15. REQ-15: Order confirmation and transactional email notifications for status updates

OWASP ASVS Controls

7.2.1

Requirement: Verify that error handling does not leak sensitive information, and that error messages are generic and do not reveal details.

Relevance: Email bounce or error responses should not reveal sensitive order details.

Integration Tips: Sanitize logs and error messages from mail providers; return generic messages to users on failures.

Verification Method: Review error handling flows and logs.

Level: L1 | Priority: Low

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

SC-8

Requirement: The information system protects the confidentiality and integrity of transmitted information.

Relevance: Transactional notifications may contain sensitive order data; protecting transmission prevents interception and tampering.

Integration Tips: Use TLS for SMTP (STARTTLS) and signed emails (DKIM) to ensure integrity; minimize sensitive content in messages.

Verification Method: Email transport configuration review; validate DKIM/SPF/DMARC.

Priority: Medium

ISO 27001:2022 Controls

A.13.2.1

Requirement: Formal transfer policies, procedures and controls shall be in place to protect the transfer of information through the use of all types of communication facilities.

Relevance: Policies guide secure handling of information in transactional communications.

Integration Tips: Define what can be included in emails, retention, and encryption requirements; document approved providers.

Verification Method: Policy review and vendor configuration checks.

Priority: Medium

6.2.16. REQ-16: Admin dashboard for product inventory management, price and catalog updates

OWASP ASVS Controls

4.1.2

Requirement: Verify that administrative interfaces are protected with strong access controls and are not exposed to untrusted networks.

Relevance: Admin dashboard has powerful functions; it must be strictly controlled to avoid unauthorized changes.

Integration Tips: Restrict network exposure, enforce MFA, and require VPN/allowlisting for admin access.

Verification Method: Network scans and access tests of admin endpoints.

Level: L1 | Priority: Critical

4.2.3

Requirement: Verify that role-based access control (RBAC) or attribute-based access control (ABAC) is enforced for administrative functions.

Relevance: Different admin roles (inventory, pricing) need separation; RBAC enforces least privilege.

Integration Tips: Define roles and permissions for inventory, pricing, and catalog edits; implement approval workflows.

Verification Method: Role matrix review and access tests per role.

Level: L2 | Priority: High

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

AC-6

Requirement: The organization employs the principle of least privilege, allowing only authorized accesses for users which are necessary to accomplish assigned tasks.

Relevance: Limits admin functions to necessary operations, reducing risk of misuse or errors.

Integration Tips: Grant minimal permissions by default and review regularly; use just-in-time elevation if needed.

Verification Method: Access reviews and entitlement checks.

Priority: High

6.2.17. REQ-17: Order management: view, update fulfillment status, shipment tracking, and returns processing

OWASP ASVS Controls

4.3.3

Requirement: Verify that sensitive business functions enforce authorization checks for every request.

Relevance: Updating fulfillment and returns is sensitive; each request must check authorization to prevent abuse.

Integration Tips: Implement server-side checks per action and resource with deny-by-default policies.

Verification Method: Authorization testing for each endpoint and operation.

Level: L1 | Priority: Critical

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

AU-2

Requirement: The organization determines, documents, and implements the types of events that the information system is to log.

Relevance: Order status changes should be logged to support tracking and investigations.

Integration Tips: Define and implement logging for status changes, returns approvals, and tracking updates.

Verification Method: Review logging policy and actual logs for these events.

Priority: High

ISO 27001:2022 Controls

A.12.4.3

Requirement: System administrator and system operator activities shall be logged and the logs protected and regularly reviewed.

Relevance: Operator-driven order changes must be captured and protected to ensure accountability.

Integration Tips: Separate operator vs. customer events; protect logs with integrity controls and access restrictions.

Verification Method: Log protection settings review and periodic review evidence.

Priority: Medium

6.2.18. REQ-18: Customer service tools: order lookup, issue tickets, refunds, and communication templates

OWASP ASVS Controls

9.1.1

Requirement: Verify that sensitive personal data is protected in storage and only exposed to authorized users.

Relevance: Customer service views PII; exposure must be limited to authorized staff only.

Integration Tips: Mask PII by default, reveal on-demand with justification; encrypt sensitive fields.

Verification Method: UI review for masking; access control checks.

Level: L1 | Priority: High

4.2.1

Requirement: Verify that users can only access data and functions for which they are authorized, using deny-by-default.

Relevance: Restricts support agents to necessary tools like refunds or templates based on role.

Integration Tips: Define roles for CSR, supervisor; enforce deny-by-default in backend endpoints.

Verification Method: Role-based testing for feature access.

Level: L1 | Priority: High

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

AU-12

Requirement: The information system provides audit record generation capability for the events defined by AU-2.

Relevance: Audit trails for CSR actions (refunds, data access) are necessary for oversight.

Integration Tips: Generate and retain audit events for lookups, ticket changes, and refunds with agent IDs.

Verification Method: Audit event catalog and log sampling.

Priority: Medium

6.2.19. REQ-19: Sales analytics and reporting (revenue, conversion, inventory levels) with export capabilities

OWASP ASVS Controls

9.2.1

Requirement: Verify that all sensitive data is encrypted in transit with TLS.

Relevance: Report downloads and API exports must be protected during transfer.

Integration Tips: Force HTTPS for report delivery and signed URLs with short lifetimes.

Verification Method: Transport security inspection and URL lifetime testing.

Level: L1 | Priority: Medium

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

MP-5

Requirement: The organization protects and controls information system media during transport outside of controlled areas.

Relevance: Exports may be stored or transported externally; controls reduce risk of leakage.

Integration Tips: Encrypt exported files at rest; use secure delivery channels and access controls for shared exports.

Verification Method: Export process review; check encryption and access controls.

Priority: Medium

ISO 27001:2022 Controls

A.9.4.1

Requirement: Access to information and application system functions shall be restricted in accordance with the access control policy.

Relevance: Analytics and exports often expose sensitive business data; restrict access per policy.

Integration Tips: Apply RBAC for reports and exports; require approvals for large exports.

Verification Method: Access matrix review and tests across report endpoints.

Priority: High

6.2.20. REQ-20: Product recommendation engine based on browsing and purchase history

OWASP ASVS Controls

1.2.2

Requirement: Verify that data protection objectives such as data minimization, purpose limitation, and privacy by design are defined and applied.

Relevance: Using behavior data for recommendations must respect minimization and purpose limitations to protect privacy.

Integration Tips: Aggregate or pseudonymize data for modeling; avoid storing raw identifiers longer than necessary.

Verification Method: Design review for data flows and retention aligned to purpose.

Level: L2 | Priority: High

9.1.3

Requirement: Verify that sensitive personal data is only collected, processed, and stored when necessary for business purposes, with user consent where appropriate.

Relevance: Ensures only necessary personal data is used for recommendations with appropriate consent.

Integration Tips: Respect consent flags and provide opt-out; document necessity and retention policies.

Verification Method: Consent management checks and data field review.

Level: L2 | Priority: High

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

AR-2

Requirement: The organization conducts privacy impact assessments to determine privacy risks in systems, programs, and activities.

Relevance: Profiling for recommendations can impact privacy; PIA identifies and mitigates risks.

Integration Tips: Conduct PIA covering data sources, consent, retention, and user controls; document mitigations.

Verification Method: Review completed PIA and action items.

Priority: Medium

6.2.21. REQ-21: Conversational AI chatbot for customer support with fallback to human agents

OWASP ASVS Controls

7.3.1

Requirement: Verify that security-relevant events are logged, including input validation failures and administrative actions.

Relevance: Chatbot interactions and privilege escalations to human agents should be logged for security and support tracing.

Integration Tips: Log session start/end, escalation events, and authentication state changes with user IDs.

Verification Method: Log sampling and SIEM integration review.

Level: L1 | Priority: Medium

5.3.2

Requirement: Verify that all user inputs are validated on the server side using positive validation.

Relevance: Chat inputs may carry injection payloads; validation prevents command or prompt injection into backends.

Integration Tips: Sanitize and constrain inputs before passing to downstream systems; encode outputs safely in UI.

Verification Method: Test injection attempts through chatbot interfaces.

Level: L1 | Priority: High

ISO 27001:2022 Controls

A.14.2.1

Requirement: Rules for the development of software and systems shall be established and applied to developments within the organization.

Relevance: AI integration requires secure development practices to manage data handling and model interaction risks.

Integration Tips: Adopt secure coding standards for AI features and perform code reviews and threat modeling for chatbot flows.

Verification Method: Policy and SDLC artifact review for chatbot features.

Priority: Medium

6.2.22. REQ-22: Automated product categorization and tagging using ML

OWASP ASVS Controls

10.2.1

Requirement: Verify that components such as libraries and frameworks are kept up to date and are from trusted sources.

Relevance: ML pipelines depend on libraries; keeping dependencies updated reduces supply chain and vulnerability risks.

Integration Tips: Use dependency scanning and pinning; update regularly and verify sources.

Verification Method: Dependency manifest and scanner report review.

Level: L1 | Priority: High

1.3.1

Requirement: Verify that a threat model is produced and up to date for the application, addressing potential abuse cases.

Relevance: ML categorization can be attacked (poisoning, evasion); threat modeling identifies risks and mitigations.

Integration Tips: Enumerate ML-specific abuse cases and define data validation and monitoring controls.

Verification Method: Review threat model documents and action tracking.

Level: L2 | Priority: Medium

ISO 27001:2022 Controls

A.12.1.2

Requirement: Changes to the organization, business processes, information processing facilities and systems that affect information security shall be controlled.

Relevance: Model updates and categorization rules are changes that must be controlled to prevent unintended effects.

Integration Tips: Version models, require approvals, and test before deployment; maintain rollback plans.

Verification Method: Change records and model registry audit.

Priority: Medium

6.2.23. REQ-23: Mobile-responsive UI and progressive enhancement for mobile web

OWASP ASVS Controls

9.2.1

Requirement: Verify that all sensitive data is encrypted in transit with TLS.

Relevance: Mobile users often use untrusted networks; TLS protects data in transit.

Integration Tips: Enforce HSTS and modern TLS; disable insecure protocols/ciphers.

Verification Method: TLS configuration scan and header checks.

Level: L1 | Priority: High

10.1.2

Requirement: Verify that a Content Security Policy (CSP) is in place to protect against content injection and XSS.

Relevance: Progressive enhancement often uses JS; CSP mitigates XSS risks across devices.

Integration Tips: Implement strict CSP with nonces and restrict inline scripts; monitor CSP reports.

Verification Method: Header inspection and XSS testing with CSP validation.

Level: L2 | Priority: Medium

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

SC-18

Requirement: The organization establishes usage restrictions and implementation guidance for mobile code technologies.

Relevance: Controls on mobile code (scripts) ensure safe client-side functionality in mobile contexts.

Integration Tips: Define allowed script sources and libraries; enforce integrity via Subresource Integrity (SRI).

Verification Method: Policy review and code analysis for SRI and allowed sources.

Priority: Low

6.2.24. REQ-24: Multi-currency pricing and display with currency conversion and locale-aware formatting

OWASP ASVS Controls

5.1.4

Requirement: Verify that data is presented in a safe encoding for the target context, including locale-specific formats.

Relevance: Locale-aware formatting must avoid injection and ensure safe rendering across locales.

Integration Tips: Use i18n frameworks that handle locale-safe formatting; treat currency symbols and separators as data and encode accordingly.

Verification Method: UI review for encoding across locales; fuzz tests with unusual locales.

Level: L2 | Priority: Medium

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

SI-12

Requirement: The organization handles and retains information in accordance with applicable laws, regulations, and organizational policies.

Relevance: Financial display data retention and handling should follow policy to avoid misuse.

Integration Tips: Log currency conversions as needed and retain according to policy; avoid storing unnecessary locale data.

Verification Method: Policy and data retention review.

Priority: Low

ISO 27001:2022 Controls

A.14.2.5

Requirement: Principles for engineering secure systems shall be established, documented, maintained and applied to any information system implementation efforts.

Relevance: Currency conversion logic is business-critical; applying secure engineering prevents logic and rounding errors that could be exploited.

Integration Tips: Define precision/rounding rules and validate inputs from FX providers; include security reviews for financial logic.

Verification Method: Design review for conversion modules and test cases.

Priority: Medium

6.2.25. REQ-25: Integration with shipping carriers (FedEx, UPS) for rate calculation and label generation

OWASP ASVS Controls

10.3.1

Requirement: Verify that third-party services are securely integrated, with appropriate authentication, authorization, and transport security.

Relevance: Carrier integrations require secure API interactions to protect data and prevent abuse.

Integration Tips: Use TLS, OAuth/API keys with least privilege, and IP allowlisting; validate responses and handle errors safely.

Verification Method: API integration review and security testing.

Level: L2 | Priority: High

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

SA-9

Requirement: The organization requires that providers of external information system services comply with organizational information security requirements and employ appropriate security controls.

Relevance: Ensures shipping partners meet security expectations for data exchanged.

Integration Tips: Include security requirements in contracts and monitor service delivery and security posture.

Verification Method: Supplier due diligence and monitoring records.

Priority: Medium

ISO 27001:2022 Controls

A.15.2.1

Requirement: Organizations shall regularly monitor, review and audit supplier service delivery.

Relevance: Ongoing monitoring of carrier APIs prevents unnoticed degradation or security issues.

Integration Tips: Set up SLAs and periodic reviews; monitor error rates and security incidents.

Verification Method: Supplier performance reports and review minutes.

Priority: Low

6.2.26. REQ-26: Email notification system for marketing and transactional communications with opt-in management

OWASP ASVS Controls

1.2.2

Requirement: Verify that data protection objectives such as data minimization, purpose limitation, and privacy by design are defined and applied.

Relevance: Marketing emails should use minimal necessary data and respect stated purposes.

Integration Tips: Design flows to use tokens instead of full PII; enforce purpose checks before sending campaigns.

Verification Method: Design review and campaign data field audits.

Level: L2 | Priority: Medium

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

AP-1

Requirement: The organization determines and documents the legal authority for collecting, using, maintaining, and sharing personally identifiable information (PII).

Relevance: Establishes the legal basis for collecting emails and sending marketing communications.

Integration Tips: Document legal basis per region (consent/legitimate interest) and enforce per-recipient rules.

Verification Method: Policy documentation review and system enforcement checks.

Priority: Medium

ISO 27001:2022 Controls

A.18.1.4

Requirement: Privacy and protection of personally identifiable information shall be ensured as required in relevant legislation and regulation.

Relevance: Opt-in management and email communications involve PII and must comply with privacy regulations.

Integration Tips: Record consent with timestamp and source; enforce suppression lists and data minimization in emails.

Verification Method: Consent records audit and message content review.

Priority: High

6.2.27. REQ-27: Customer data capture and segmentation for marketing campaigns with consent management

OWASP ASVS Controls

1.2.1

Requirement: Verify that all sensitive data is identified, classified, and protected according to its classification.

Relevance: Marketing data includes PII and must be classified to apply appropriate protections.

Integration Tips: Tag data fields in the CDP/marketing DB and enforce access controls based on classification.

Verification Method: Data catalog review and access control checks.

Level: L1 | Priority: High

9.1.3

Requirement: Verify that sensitive personal data is only collected, processed, and stored when necessary for business purposes, with user consent where appropriate.

Relevance: Ensures segmentation uses PII only as needed and aligned to consent.

Integration Tips: Integrate consent flags into query pipelines; block processing without valid consent.

Verification Method: Consent enforcement tests in segmentation queries.

Level: L2 | Priority: High

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

IP-1

Requirement: The organization identifies the minimum PII elements necessary for the purposes of collection and limits the collection and retention to what is strictly necessary.

Relevance: Limiting captured PII reduces risk and supports privacy compliance in segmentation.

Integration Tips: Define required attributes per campaign; purge unnecessary fields and set retention timers.

Verification Method: Review data schemas vs. campaign requirements and retention configs.

Priority: High

ISO 27001:2022 Controls

A.18.1.3

Requirement: Records shall be protected from loss, destruction, falsification, unauthorized access and unauthorized release, in accordance with legislative, regulatory, contractual and business requirements.

Relevance: Consent records and segmentation data must be protected and tamper-evident.

Integration Tips: Store consent events immutably with signatures or append-only logs; restrict and audit access.

Verification Method: Records protection review and audit trail checks.

Priority: Medium

6.2.28. REQ-28: Customer behavior analytics tracking with privacy controls and opt-out

OWASP ASVS Controls

1.2.2

Requirement: Verify that data protection objectives such as data minimization, purpose limitation, and privacy by design are defined and applied.

Relevance: Analytics should minimize data and restrict use to stated purposes.

Integration Tips: Anonymize or pseudonymize identifiers; implement data retention limits and aggregation.

Verification Method: Data pipeline review for minimization and retention enforcement.

Level: L2 | Priority: Medium

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

PT-2

Requirement: The organization provides notice to individuals about the collection, use, dissemination, and maintenance of their PII.

Relevance: Clear notice is essential for analytics tracking that may process PII.

Integration Tips: Present a transparent privacy notice and cookie banner detailing analytics; link to preferences center.

Verification Method: Review notice content and placement; A/B test visibility.

Priority: High

ISO 27001:2022 Controls

A.18.1.4

Requirement: Privacy and protection of personally identifiable information shall be ensured as required in relevant legislation and regulation.

Relevance: Opt-out and privacy controls must align with applicable laws.

Integration Tips: Honor Do Not Track/Global Privacy Control where applicable; propagate opt-out to all analytics tools.

Verification Method: Functional testing of opt-out signals across tools.

Priority: High

6.2.29. REQ-29: Logging, monitoring, and alerting for system health and security events

OWASP ASVS Controls

7.3.3

Requirement: Verify that logs are protected from tampering and unauthorized access, and are retained according to policy.

Relevance: Protecting logs ensures integrity for investigations and compliance.

Integration Tips: Use append-only storage or write-once targets; restrict access and enable integrity checksums.

Verification Method: Storage configuration review and integrity verification tests.

Level: L2 | Priority: High

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

AU-6

Requirement: The organization reviews and analyzes information system audit records for indications of inappropriate or unusual activity.

Relevance: Monitoring logs for anomalies is fundamental to detecting security incidents.

Integration Tips: Ingest logs into SIEM; define detection rules and dashboards for key events.

Verification Method: SIEM rule and alert review; incident response drills.

Priority: Critical

IR-5

Requirement: The organization tracks and documents information system security incidents.

Relevance: Alerting must tie into incident monitoring and response processes.

Integration Tips: Integrate SIEM alerts with incident management tooling and runbooks.

Verification Method: Incident records and workflow review.

Priority: Medium

ISO 27001:2022 Controls

A.12.4.1

Requirement: Event logs recording user activities, exceptions, faults and information security events shall be produced, kept and regularly reviewed.

Relevance: Defines scope for logging security and operational events consistently.

Integration Tips: Standardize log formats and retention; protect logs from tampering and ensure time synchronization.

Verification Method: Logging policy review and system configuration checks.

Priority: High

6.2.30. REQ-30: Role-based access control for administrative functions and audit logging

OWASP ASVS Controls

4.2.3

Requirement: Verify that role-based access control (RBAC) or attribute-based access control (ABAC) is enforced for administrative functions.

Relevance: RBAC is necessary to constrain administrative capabilities to appropriate roles.

Integration Tips: Define roles and map permissions; enforce checks server-side and test per role.

Verification Method: Role/permission matrix and access tests.

Level: L2 | Priority: Critical

7.3.2

Requirement: Verify that all administrative actions, access control decisions, and security-relevant events are logged with sufficient detail to establish accountability.

Relevance: Audit logging for admin actions establishes accountability and supports investigations.

Integration Tips: Capture admin user, action, target, timestamp, and result; protect logs from tampering.

Verification Method: Log content verification and integrity checks.

Level: L1 | Priority: High

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

AC-2

Requirement: The organization manages information system accounts, including establishing, activating, modifying, disabling, and removing accounts.

Relevance: Proper account lifecycle management underpins RBAC and prevents orphaned admin accounts.

Integration Tips: Automate provisioning/deprovisioning and periodic reviews for admin accounts.

Verification Method: Access review evidence and provisioning workflow checks.

Priority: High

ISO 27001:2022 Controls

A.9.2.3

Requirement: The allocation and use of privileged access rights shall be restricted and controlled.

Relevance: Controls privileged rights to minimize misuse and enforce least privilege.

Integration Tips: Require approvals and logging for privilege grants; implement PAM where applicable.

Verification Method: Privilege grant logs and PAM configuration review.

Priority: High

6.2.31. REQ-31: Data export, retention and deletion workflows to satisfy GDPR/CCPA subject requests

OWASP ASVS Controls

1.3.2

Requirement: Verify that all security requirements and controls are identified and documented, including compliance and privacy obligations.

Relevance: Data subject requests require documented privacy controls and workflows to ensure compliance.

Integration Tips: Document DSR processes, data sources, and SLAs; integrate automated discovery across systems.

Verification Method: Process documentation and DSR ticket sampling.

Level: L1 | Priority: Critical

9.1.3

Requirement: Verify that sensitive personal data is only collected, processed, and stored when necessary for business purposes, with user consent where appropriate.

Relevance: Limiting data collected reduces DSR burden and privacy risk.

Integration Tips: Enforce minimization in collection forms and pipelines; document purposes and justify retention.

Verification Method: Form field audits and data inventory checks.

Level: L2 | Priority: Medium

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

DM-2

Requirement: The organization retains and disposes of PII in accordance with applicable requirements and policies.

Relevance: Deletion and retention policies are central to GDPR/CCPA compliance.

Integration Tips: Implement lifecycle controls that purge data per policy and legal holds; verify deletion across backups where possible.

Verification Method: Retention schedules and deletion job evidence.

Priority: High

ISO 27001:2022 Controls

A.18.1.4

Requirement: Privacy and protection of personally identifiable information shall be ensured as required in relevant legislation and regulation.

Relevance: Ensures DSR handling aligns with legal requirements across jurisdictions.

Integration Tips: Map regional requirements to workflow logic; enforce identity verification before fulfilling requests.

Verification Method: Policy alignment review and DSR verification testing.

Priority: High

6.2.32. REQ-32: Third-party integrations management and secure secret handling

OWASP ASVS Controls

10.3.2

Requirement: Verify that secrets such as API keys and tokens are stored securely and rotated regularly.

Relevance: API keys and secrets used for integrations must be protected to prevent compromise.

Integration Tips: Use a secrets manager with least privilege, automatic rotation, and audit trails; avoid storing secrets in code or configs.

Verification Method: Secrets inventory and manager configuration review; search repos for hardcoded secrets.

Level: L2 | Priority: Critical

10.2.1

Requirement: Verify that components such as libraries and frameworks are kept up to date and are from trusted sources.

Relevance: Third-party integration SDKs must be trusted and up to date to reduce vulnerabilities.

Integration Tips: Use SBOMs and vulnerability scanning; update SDKs regularly and verify signatures.

Verification Method: Dependency scans and SBOM review.

Level: L1 | Priority: Medium

NIST SP 800-53 Controls

SC-12

Requirement: The organization establishes and manages cryptographic keys for required cryptography employed within organizational information systems.

Relevance: Strong key management processes underpin secure handling of integration secrets and tokens.

Integration Tips: Enforce key rotation, separation of duties, and auditing in KMS; restrict decryption to necessary services.

Verification Method: KMS policies review and key lifecycle evidence.

Priority: High

ISO 27001:2022 Controls

A.9.2.4

Requirement: The allocation of secret authentication information shall be controlled through a formal management process.

Relevance: Formal processes ensure controlled issuance and management of secrets used in third-party integrations.

Integration Tips: Document issuance, approval, and revocation of API credentials; maintain an inventory mapped to owners and services.

Verification Method: Process documentation and inventory audits.

Priority: Medium

6.3. Cross-Functional Security Controls

The following controls apply globally across all system components:

Comprehensive Logging and Audit

Description: Implement centralized, tamper-resistant logging for security and business events with regular review and alerting.

Applies to: All requirements

Implementation Guidance: Standardize log schemas, include user/action/object/outcome, protect logs from tampering, and feed to a SIEM with detection rules.

Transport Layer Security Everywhere

Description: Encrypt all communications with modern TLS to protect data in transit.

Applies to: All external and internal service communications

Implementation Guidance: Enforce TLS 1.2+ with HSTS, secure ciphers, certificate pinning where appropriate, and automated certificate management.

Data Classification and Minimization

Description: Identify, classify, and minimize sensitive data collection, storage, and processing.

Applies to: Profile data, Orders, Payments, Analytics, Marketing

Implementation Guidance: Maintain a data inventory and classification policy; collect only necessary data; set retention limits; apply access controls and encryption per class.

Centralized Access Control and RBAC

Description: Use centralized authorization with least privilege and role-based controls for all services and admin functions.

Applies to: Admin dashboard, Order management, Customer service tools, Exports, Third-party integrations

Implementation Guidance: Define roles/permissions, enforce deny-by-default, require MFA for privileged roles, and perform periodic access reviews.

Secure Secrets Management

Description: Store and manage all secrets (API keys, tokens, credentials) in a dedicated secrets manager with rotation and auditing.

Applies to: Payment processors, Shipping carrier APIs, Social login, Third-party services

Implementation Guidance: Use KMS/secrets manager, enforce least privilege access, automate rotation, and scan repositories to prevent hardcoded secrets.

6.4. Requirements Traceability Overview

This section demonstrates complete traceability from high-level requirements through threats to security controls and verification methods.

Coverage Summary: Traceability matrix contains 32 requirements. 31 requirements (96.9%) linked to threats. 30 requirements (93.8%) mapped to security controls (OWASP ASVS, NIST SP 800-53, ISO 27001). Coverage: Complete.

Sample Traceability Mappings

The following table shows traceability for high-priority requirements:

Req ID	Requirement	Threats	Security Controls	Standards	Priority	Verification
REQ-001	User registration and login with email/p…	10 threats	4 controls	NIST, OWASP	Critical	Configuration review to confirm MFA enforcement on high-value actions; test flows requiring step-up; review logs for MFA challenge events.
REQ-002	Social login integration for Google and …	6 threats	4 controls	ISO27001, NIST, OWASP	Critical	Policy review and authentication flow testing against secure log-on criteria.
REQ-003	User profiles with multiple shipping add…	10 threats	4 controls	ISO27001, NIST, OWASP	Critical	Policy review and spot-checks of labeled datasets and associated controls.
REQ-004	Order history tracking with order detail…	10 threats	3 controls	NIST, OWASP	Critical	Unit/integration tests for IDOR; code review for ownership checks on order endpoints.
REQ-012	Checkout flow supporting multiple paymen…	10 threats	3 controls	NIST, OWASP	Critical	Crypto configuration review and key management assessment.
REQ-016	Admin dashboard for product inventory ma…	10 threats	3 controls	NIST, OWASP	Critical	Role matrix review and access tests per role.
REQ-017	Order management tooling for fulfillment…	10 threats	3 controls	ISO27001, NIST, OWASP	Critical	Authorization testing for each endpoint and operation.
REQ-029	Comprehensive logging, monitoring, and a…	10 threats	4 controls	ISO27001, NIST, OWASP	Critical	Storage configuration review and integrity verification tests.
REQ-031	Data subject rights workflows for export…	10 threats	4 controls	ISO27001, NIST, OWASP	Critical	Process documentation and DSR ticket sampling.
REQ-032	Secure third-party integrations manageme…	10 threats	4 controls	ISO27001, NIST, OWASP	Critical	KMS policies review and key lifecycle evidence.

Showing 10 of 32 requirements. See Appendix D for complete traceability matrix.

Traceability Statistics

• Total Requirements Tracked: 32
• Requirements Linked to Threats: 31 (96.9%)
• Requirements Mapped to Controls: 30 (93.8%)
• Average Controls per Requirement: 3.0
• Control Distribution by Standard:
  • OWASP ASVS: 51 controls
  • NIST SP 800-53: 28 controls
  • ISO 27001: 18 controls
• Verification Coverage: 100% (all requirements have verification methods)

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7. AI/ML Security Requirements

This section addresses security requirements specific to artificial intelligence and machine learning components within the system. AI/ML systems introduce unique security challenges including prompt injection attacks, data poisoning, model theft, adversarial inputs, and bias vulnerabilities. This analysis identifies AI/ML components, assesses their security risks, and prescribes specialized controls to protect both the AI systems themselves and the data they process.

7.1. AI/ML Components Detected

This section identifies all AI/ML components within the system that require specialized security controls.

1. Chatbot Interface: Natural language processing chatbot providing customer support using large language models.
2. Product Recommendation Engine: Machine learning model suggesting products based on user browsing and purchase history.
3. Automated Product Categorization: AI-driven system that automatically tags and categorizes products using machine learning algorithms.

7.2. AI/ML Threat Model

Component	Identified Threats
Chatbot Interface	- Prompt injection
	- Adversarial inputs
	- Data leakage (sensitive information exposure)
Product Recommendation Engine	- Data leakage (PII in training data)
	- Model inversion attacks
Automated Product Categorization	- Model poisoning
	- Bias and fairness considerations

7.3. AI/ML Security Controls

Chatbot Interface

• Prompt Injection Prevention: Implement input sanitization and validation to prevent malicious prompts from being processed by the model.
• Input Validation for AI Inputs: Rigorously validate all user inputs to ensure they conform to expected formats, preventing harmful data from being processed.
• Output Filtering and Sanitization: Filter and sanitize outputs generated by the model to prevent harmful or sensitive information from being exposed.

Product Recommendation Engine

• Data Leakage Prevention: Ensure that personal identifiable information (PII) is not used in the training data or inferred through the recommendations.
• Model Access Controls: Implement strict access controls on the model to prevent unauthorized access and modifications.
• Monitoring for Adversarial Inputs: Use anomaly detection systems to monitor for unusual patterns in input data that may indicate attempts to manipulate recommendations.

Automated Product Categorization

• Model Versioning and Rollback Capabilities: Maintain version control for all deployed models to facilitate quick rollback to previous versions in case of detected vulnerabilities.
• Supply Chain Security for Models: Implement due diligence processes for third-party models and datasets to ensure they don’t introduce vulnerabilities.
• Bias and Fairness Considerations: Regularly audit the model for bias and implement fairness constraints during training and deployment.

7.4. Integration with Existing Security Controls

The security controls for AI/ML components will integrate with standard security practices through: - Role-based access control (RBAC) to restrict access to sensitive AI features based on user roles. - Logging and monitoring to track any interactions with AI components, providing an audit trail for security events. - Data protection measures such as encryption for sensitive user data, both at rest and in transit, to prevent leakage through AI systems.

7.5. AI/ML Monitoring Requirements

Monitoring Area	Description
Anomaly Detection	Implement systems to detect unusual patterns in AI input that may indicate attempts at manipulation or abuse.
Model Performance Monitoring	Regularly assess model accuracy and fairness to ensure optimal performance and compliance with ethical standards.
Access Logs	Maintain logs of all access to AI components for auditing and forensic analysis in case of security incidents.
Data Usage Tracking	Monitor and log how user data is utilized within AI models to ensure compliance with data protection regulations.

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8. Compliance Requirements

This section identifies regulatory and legal compliance obligations applicable to the system based on data types, geographic scope, industry sector, and business operations. Compliance requirements drive specific security controls, data handling procedures, audit capabilities, and privacy protections. Non-compliance can result in significant legal penalties, reputational damage, and business disruption. This analysis maps applicable regulations to specific security requirements and operational procedures.

8.1. Applicable Regulations

The e-commerce platform is designed to collect and process various types of personal and financial data, primarily targeting customers in the EU and US markets. This necessitates compliance with a range of regulations that govern data protection, payment processing, and consumer rights. The identified regulations are based on the nature of the data being handled (personal, payment, etc.), the geographic scope of operations (EU and US), and the industry context (e-commerce). Compliance requirements influence security controls, data management practices, and operational protocols to ensure the protection of user data and adherence to legal obligations.

Regulation	Applicability Reason
GDPR	Applies because the system processes personal data of EU residents.
CCPA	Applies due to the collection of personal data from California residents.
PCI-DSS	Applies since the platform processes payment card information.
SOX	Applies to financial data management and reporting practices.
COPPA	Applies if the platform collects data from users under 13 years of age.

8.2. Compliance Controls by Regulation

GDPR

• Implement user data access and control mechanisms (right to access, right to rectification).
• Ensure data minimization and purpose limitation principles are followed.
• Deploy encryption and pseudonymization for personal data storage and transmission.
• Establish processes for data breach notifications within 72 hours.

CCPA

• Provide clear privacy notices detailing data collection practices and consumer rights.
• Implement opt-out mechanisms for the sale of personal data.
• Ensure the ability to respond to consumer requests regarding personal data access and deletion.

PCI-DSS

• Encrypt payment card information in transit and at rest.
• Implement strong access control measures, including role-based access controls.
• Conduct regular vulnerability scans and penetration testing.

SOX

• Maintain accurate financial records and perform regular audits.
• Implement internal controls for financial reporting and data integrity.

COPPA

• Obtain verifiable parental consent before collecting personal information from children under 13.
• Provide clear privacy notices regarding data collection from minors.

8.3. Data Subject Rights

Right	Description
Right to access	Users can request access to their personal data.
Right to rectification	Users can request correction of inaccurate personal data.
Right to deletion	Users can request deletion of their personal data.
Right to data portability	Users can request to receive their personal data in a structured format.
Right to opt-out	Users can opt-out of the sale of their personal information (CCPA).

8.4. Privacy Requirements

Consent: Users must provide explicit consent for the collection and processing of personal data, especially for marketing purposes.
Privacy Notice: A comprehensive privacy policy must be provided to users detailing data collection, usage, and rights.
Opt-In Management: Users must have the ability to manage their consent preferences for data collection and marketing communications.

8.5. Audit and Monitoring Requirements

Logging: Comprehensive logging of user activities, data access, and system changes must be maintained to support audits and investigations.
Monitoring: Continuous monitoring of systems for unauthorized access and potential data breaches must be implemented.
Audit Trails: Maintain secure and tamper-proof audit trails for financial transactions and data processing activities.

8.6. Data Handling Rules

Retention: Personal data must be retained only as long as necessary to fulfill its intended purpose and comply with legal obligations.
Deletion: Implement automated workflows for the secure deletion of personal data upon user request or at the end of the retention period.
Data Minimization: Collect only the data that is necessary for the specified purposes to limit exposure and ensure compliance.

8.7. Compliance Risk Assessment

The e-commerce platform faces several compliance risks due to the handling of sensitive personal and financial data. This risk assessment identifies potential vulnerabilities related to regulatory compliance and data protection.

Key Compliance Risks:
- Non-compliance with GDPR and CCPA could result in substantial fines and reputational damage.
- Inadequate security measures for payment processing could lead to data breaches and PCI-DSS violations.
- Failure to manage data retention and deletion processes could result in legal penalties and loss of customer trust.

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9. Security Architecture Recommendations

This section provides comprehensive security architecture guidance that integrates security controls into the system’s technical design. Security architecture defines how security principles, controls, and patterns are applied across system components to create a cohesive, defense-in-depth security posture. The recommendations address architectural principles, component-level controls, data protection strategies, and third-party integration security to ensure security is built into the system design.

9.1. Architectural Security Principles

Architectural security principles provide the foundational philosophy guiding all security design decisions. These principles ensure a consistent security posture across components, enable repeatable secure patterns, and guide trade-offs so the system meets regulatory, operational, and privacy requirements for EU and US markets.

• Zero Trust Architecture principles: Never trust, always verify — all access requests are authenticated and authorized regardless of network location. This reduces implicit trust in network boundaries and enforces continuous verification for users, services, and devices.
• Defense in Depth: Multiple, complementary layers of security controls (network, host, application, data, and monitoring) reduce single points of failure and increase the cost for attackers to succeed.
• Principle of Least Privilege: Grant the minimal permissions required to perform a task; use role-based or attribute-based access to minimize blast radius for compromised accounts or components.
• Secure by Default / Secure by Design: Default settings and new features should favor secure options; threat modeling and secure coding are applied early in the SDLC to prevent ad-hoc security fixes.
• Separation of Duties: Split critical functions (e.g., payment processing, refunds approval, production deployment) across distinct roles and approvals to prevent insider misuse and accidental errors.
• Fail Secure: In failure scenarios, systems should default to safe behaviors (deny access, fail closed) and preserve evidence rather than continue in degraded insecure modes.
• Complete Mediation: Every access request to a resource is checked by an authoritative access control enforcement point — avoid caches of authorization decisions without periodic revalidation.
• Defense Against Supply Chain Risks: Maintain SBOMs, dependency scanning, signed artifacts, and vendor security assessments to reduce risk from third-party components and libraries.
• Privacy by Design & Data Minimization: Collect and retain only necessary personal data; build consent and purpose-limiting controls into data flows, especially for EU (GDPR) and US (CCPA/various state laws) customers.
• Immutable Auditability and Tamper Evidence: Ensure critical logs and audit records are append-only, integrity-protected, and retained according to compliance needs to support investigations and obligations.
• Observable & Resilient: Design for robust telemetry (metrics, logs, traces) and automated alerting so security detection and incident response can act quickly and reliably.

9.2. Component-Level Security Controls

Frontend Layer

Required Controls:

• Enforce HTTPS and HSTS for all pages and endpoints.
• Content Security Policy (CSP) with nonces/hashes to mitigate XSS.
• Strict input validation and output encoding for all user-supplied fields.
• Secure storage of local session tokens (use Secure, HttpOnly, SameSite cookies; avoid persistent storage of secrets in localStorage).
• Client-side CSRF protections (SameSite cookies + anti-CSRF tokens for state-changing requests).
• Privacy controls: cookie banner, consent capture, and propagation of opt-outs to analytics/marketing vendors.
• Minimize PII exposure in the client and avoid rendering full sensitive values (masking).
• Dependency and supply-chain checks for third-party JS libraries; use Subresource Integrity (SRI) for critical static assets.

Recommended Patterns:

• Serve static SPA/PWA assets via CDN with cache controls and strict CORS.
• Use a separate origin/subdomain for third-party scripts and sandbox them.
• Integrate OAuth/OpenID Connect client flows using PKCE for social logins.
• Progressive enhancement with feature detection and graceful degradation.
• Signed release artifacts and SRI for third-party resources.

Edge Layer (CDN + WAF)

Required Controls:

• TLS termination with modern TLS 1.2/1.3, HSTS, secure cipher suites, and automated certificate lifecycle.
• Web Application Firewall (WAF) rules for OWASP Top 10 and application-specific patterns.
• DDoS protection and rate limiting at the edge (IP and route-level).
• Bot management and challenge flow for abusive behaviors (CAPTCHA integration).
• Edge logging forwarded to centralized SIEM; maintain integrity and retention controls.
• Geo-fencing and regional routing controls to meet data locality needs.

Recommended Patterns:

• CDN for static assets, with origin authentication (signed requests) for private assets.
• Edge caching with cache key segregation for per-user data avoidance.
• Edge-based TLS client certificate verification or IP allowlisting for admin subdomain access.
• Use WAF in combination with API gateway-level protection (defense-in-depth).

Application Services (Stateless Microservices)

Required Controls:

• Central API Gateway enforcing OAuth2 / OpenID Connect for user identity and mTLS and mutual TLS for internal service-to-service connections.
• Centralized authentication, token introspection, session management, and JWT validation with short lifetimes and refresh flows.
• Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) or ABAC applied server-side for all sensitive endpoints (orders, refunds, admin).
• Input validation and sanitization (positive allowlists) for all APIs.
• Idempotency keys and anti-replay protections for payment and order creation APIs.
• Payment orchestration service that never persists PANs — uses tokenization only.
• Strong logging for authentication events, sensitive operations, and admin actions; logs forwarded to SIEM.
• Circuit breakers, rate limits, and request quotas on critical endpoints to prevent abuse.
• Secure secrets via secrets manager and fine-grained IAM for service identities.

Recommended Patterns:

• API Gateway for authentication, rate limiting, routing, and WAF integration.
• OAuth 2.0 / OIDC for user sessions; use Authorization Code + PKCE for SPAs.
• Service mesh (mTLS + mutual auth) for intra-cluster security and telemetry (e.g., Istio, Linkerd).
• Use ephemeral credentials (IAM roles) for cloud resources rather than long-lived keys.
• Deploy microservices with immutable containers, signed images, and runtime scanning.

Data Layer

Required Controls:

• Data classification applied at schema level (Public/Internal/Confidential/Restricted).
• Encrypt data at rest using AES-256-GCM for DBs and object stores; enable Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) for managed relational DBs.
• Field-level encryption or tokenization for very sensitive fields (payment tokens, SSNs if collected).
• Centralized Key Management System (KMS) with HSM-backed keys, role separation, and rotation policies.
• Access controls via IAM and DB roles; no direct DB access from user-exposed networks.
• Audit logging for data access and administrative DB actions; log reads of high-sensitivity fields.
• Secrets and credentials stored only in secrets manager; no secrets in code or images.
• Backups encrypted, integrity-checked, and retained per policy with immutable/Write-Once-Read-Many (WORM) options where required.

Recommended Patterns:

• Separate databases for transactional vs. analytics (warehouse) and pseudonymize production identifiers before ETL.
• Use object storage signed URLs with short TTLs for asset access.
• Search index sanitized to avoid storing PII; secure access with API-layer authorization.
• Redis for session/cache with encryption in transit and access-limited endpoints.

External Services

Required Controls:

• Integrations must use secure authentication (OAuth, API keys with least privilege, or mTLS where supported).
• Webhook endpoints must validate provider signatures and implement replay protection.
• Secrets for integrations stored in a secrets manager and rotated regularly.
• Rate limiting and request validation for third-party-driven flows.
• Vendor risk assessments and contractual DPA/PCI attestations for processors handling PII/PCI.

Recommended Patterns:

• Encapsulation of all third-party calls behind an Integration Service that centralizes auth, retries, and monitoring.
• Use hosted payment UIs / Elements (Stripe Checkout, PayPal Checkout) to minimize PCI scope (SAQ-A).
• Dedicated service accounts and network segmentation for integration egress.

Operations & Security

Required Controls:

• Centralized logging, SIEM, alerting, and incident response playbooks.
• Secrets management, key rotation, and privileged access management (PAM) for operator accounts.
• Continuous vulnerability management: automated scanning, SCA, container image scanning, and patching.
• Regular pentesting, ASV scans (PCI), and privacy impact assessments (PIAs).
• Backup and DR plans with periodic recovery exercises; immutable backups for critical data.
• RBAC for admin consoles with MFA and just-in-time access where possible.
• Change control, CI/CD pipeline security (signed artifacts, least privilege runners).

Recommended Patterns:

• Use a dedicated security tooling stack: SIEM, EDR, CSPM, and network flow logging.
• Implement CI/CD gating with SAST/DAST and policy-as-code checks.
• Automated compliance reporting and audit evidence generation.

9.3. Data Protection Strategy

Data Classification: Public, Internal, Confidential, Restricted

• Public: Product descriptions, public marketing material, non-PII product reviews (unless containing PII), public pages.
• Internal: Operational metrics, internal logs without PII, non-sensitive config.
• Confidential: Customer PII (name, email, phone, shipping addresses), saved payment tokens, order histories, internal business analytics.
• Restricted: Payment card PANs (if ever stored — avoid), raw payment authorization data, encryption keys, personnel records, audit logs, and any data subject to legal hold.

Encryption Requirements:

• Data in Transit:
  • Enforce TLS 1.3 (fallback to TLS 1.2 minimum) with strong cipher suites (AES-GCM, CHACHA20-POLY1305).
  • Use HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) and, where appropriate, certificate pinning for critical clients (admin UI).
  • mTLS for service-to-service communications and sensitive external integrations where supported.
• Data at Rest:
  • AES-256-GCM for database and object storage encryption.
  • Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) enabled for managed RDBMS.
  • Field-level encryption using KMS-wrapped DEKs for high-sensitivity fields (payment tokens, SSNs).
• Key Management:
  • Use cloud KMS/HSM (or dedicated HSM) with RSA 3072+ or ECC P-384 for asymmetric operations.
  • Use AES-256 keys for symmetric operations; keys rotated on schedule (e.g., annually) or upon suspected exposure.
  • Key usage policies restricting which services/accounts can decrypt and strict audit logging of key use.
• Hashing & Passwords:
  • Use Argon2id with conservative cost factors tuned to environment (sufficient memory and iterations) for password storage.
  • Use SHA-256+ HMAC for integrity checks; use SHA-2 family for non-cryptographic hashing needs.
• Signing:
  • JWTs signed using RS256 or ES256 with short expiry and revocation support (token introspection).

Retention Policies:

• Transactional/order data required for legal/regulatory compliance:
  • Retain order and invoice records for the longer of legal requirement or business need; typical baseline: 7 years for financial recordkeeping (adjust per jurisdiction).
• PII:
  • Retain PII only as necessary for service provision and legal obligations.
  • Allow users to request export or deletion (DSR) and fulfill within regulatory SLA (GDPR 1 month, extensions documented).
• Marketing Data:
  • Retain segmentation and consent records until consent withdrawal + evidentiary retention (e.g., 3-5 years for consent logs), or longer if required by law.
• Backups:
  • Retain backups per policy and legal hold; ensure deletions are honored where legally required (attempt best-effort deletion across backups, maintain documented legal hold procedures).
• Logs:
  • Security logs retained per compliance (e.g., SIEM logs 1-3 years depending on regulation), with essential logs stored in append-only and integrity-verified storage.

Handling Procedures:

• Access:
  • Enforce RBAC and ABAC using a central authorization service; record access approval and periodic re-certification.
  • Use just-in-time elevation for admin tasks and require MFA for privileged operations.
• Transmission:
  • Transmit PII only over TLS; where possible, use tokenized references rather than raw identifiers when invoking third-party systems.
  • Mask or pseudonymize data in transit to analytics systems; use hashed identifiers where possible.
• Storage:
  • Store payment methods using tokenization via payment processors — never store PANs unless absolutely necessary and then only in scope-limited, PCI-compliant vaults.
  • Use field-level encryption for restricted/confidential fields; control decryption via KMS policies.
• Deletion & DSR:
  • Implement automated workflows for DSRs that map identifiers across services, identify copies in backups, and log actions taken.
  • Before deletion, verify requester identity and apply legal holds as necessary.
• Data Minimization & Anonymization:
  • For analytics and ML: prefer aggregated, pseudonymized, or anonymized datasets; keep raw PII out of training pipelines unless necessary and approved by PIA.
• Transfer & Cross-Border:
  • Document lawful basis for cross-border transfers (Standard Contractual Clauses, SCCs, adequacy decisions) and ensure vendors have DPAs and appropriate safeguards.
• Monitoring & Audit:
  • Log all accesses to confidential/restricted data with subject, action, object, timestamp, and location; route to SIEM for detection/alerts.
• Incident Response:
  • Predefine notification thresholds, roles, and regulatory timelines for breach notification (GDPR 72-hour window), and maintain playbooks and runbooks for handling breaches involving PII and payment data.

9.4. Third-Party Integration Security

Stripe (Payment Processor)

Security Requirements:

• Use client-side tokenization (Stripe Elements or Checkout) to avoid handling PANs.
• Store API keys and webhook signing secrets in a secrets manager.
• Validate webhook signatures and enforce replay protection.
• Use HTTPS/TLS for all Stripe API calls and webhooks.

Risk Assessment: Critical - processes payment tokens and financial metadata. A compromise can lead to financial loss, fraudulent transactions, and severe regulatory consequences (PCI, GDPR).

Recommended Controls:

• Use hosted payment flows to minimize PCI scope (aim for SAQ-A).
• Restrict API keys scopes (publishable vs. secret), rotate keys frequently, and audit usage.
• Validate webhooks using Stripe signatures and limit allowed IPs where possible.
• Monitor transactions for fraud with rules and integrate with SIEM for anomalous events.
• Contractual review: obtain Stripe AOC and include incident notification clauses.

PayPal

Security Requirements:

• Use PayPal Checkout and tokenization flows where possible.
• Secure API credentials (client ID/secret) in secrets manager.
• Validate webhooks and use TLS for all communications.

Risk Assessment: High - handles payments and account linking. Misconfiguration can lead to fraudulent refunds or unauthorized payouts.

Recommended Controls:

• Enforce least-privilege for PayPal API credentials and rotate regularly.
• Validate webhooks and apply idempotency handling for payment actions.
• Monitor payout and refund activity; alert on unusual patterns.

Apple Pay

Security Requirements:

• Configure Apple Merchant ID and certificates securely.
• Use token-based payments via Apple Pay with processor integration (Stripe/PayPal).
• Ensure TLS for all merchant server endpoints.

Risk Assessment: High - tokenized but integrates with payment processor and requires certificate management; potential for misconfiguration.

Recommended Controls:

• Protect merchant certificates in secrets manager with restricted access and rotation.
• Use payment processor’s verification for Apple Pay tokens; test token validation paths.
• Audit certificate use and renewals.

FedEx API

Security Requirements:

• Use API keys/credentials stored in secrets manager.
• Use TLS for API calls and validate responses.
• Where available, use IP allowlisting or application-level allowlists.

Risk Assessment: Medium - exposes shipping addresses and shipment creation; data leak may expose customer data and shipping patterns.

Recommended Controls:

• Limit egress to carrier endpoints via firewall rules and dedicated service accounts.
• Validate and sanitize all responses, log calls, and rate limit requests to carriers.
• Use integration service that queues and retries safely, avoiding data duplication.

UPS API

Security Requirements:

• Use secure API credentials and TLS.
• Validate responses and implement error handling.

Risk Assessment: Medium - similar to FedEx; confidentiality and integrity of shipping data are primary concerns.

Recommended Controls:

• Use per-environment credentials, rotate, and restrict access in secrets manager.
• Implement monitoring for failed deliveries or suspicious address changes tied to fraud signals.

Email Provider (Amazon SES / SendGrid)

Security Requirements:

• Use API keys stored in secrets manager.
• Use dedicated sending domains with DKIM/SPF/DMARC configured.
• Ensure TLS for SMTP/API endpoints.

Risk Assessment: High (for business reputation and data leakage) - compromised email provider can cause spam, phishing, and leakage of transactional messages.

Recommended Controls:

• Use subaccounts for marketing vs. transactional mail; restrict API keys by scope.
• Monitor bounce/spam rates and unauthorized send attempts.
• Apply content filtering and ensure suppression lists honor unsubscribe and privacy preferences.

Google OAuth / Facebook OAuth (Social Login)

Security Requirements:

• Use OAuth 2.0 / OIDC with PKCE and server-side token validation.
• Enforce strict redirect URI whitelisting.
• Validate token signatures, audience, issuer, and expiry.

Risk Assessment: Medium to High - account takeover or token misbinding can lead to unauthorized access and impersonation.

Recommended Controls:

• Use well-maintained OIDC libraries, verify ID tokens server-side using JWKS.
• Map IdP subject to internal user records securely and require MFA/step-up for sensitive admin operations.
• Log social login events and limit concurrent sessions per account.

Marketing / Analytics Vendors (e.g., Google Analytics, Segment, Customer Data Platforms)

Security Requirements:

• Execute Data Processing Agreements (DPAs) and ensure vendor adherence to privacy obligations.
• Transmit only necessary PII; prefer hashed/pseudonymized identifiers.
• Provide opt-out/Do Not Track propagation and consent signals to vendors.

Risk Assessment: High (privacy risk) - potential GDPR/CCPA violations and reputational damage if PII is shared inappropriately.

Recommended Controls:

• Implement consent management and only forward data when consent valid.
• Use server-side tagging to reduce client-side leakage and retain control.
• Periodically audit vendors for security posture and data deletion practices.

CDN Provider (Cloudflare / Akamai / Cloud CDN)

Security Requirements:

• TLS termination with automated certificate management.
• WAF and DDoS protection enabled with tuned rulesets.
• Access to CDN dashboard protected by MFA and RBAC.

Risk Assessment: High (availability and edge security) - misconfig can expose origin or allow attacks to succeed.

Recommended Controls:

• Enforce origin authentication (signed tokens or mTLS) and restrict origin traffic to CDN IP ranges.
• Send edge logs to SIEM, apply rate-limiting, and maintain emergency bypass controls for availability.

Search Service (Elasticsearch / OpenSearch / Managed)

Security Requirements:

• Restrict access to search cluster via network controls and API gateway.
• Index sanitization to avoid storing PII; encrypt data at rest.
• Authentication and role-based access for admin operations.

Risk Assessment: High (data leakage and exposure) - misconfigured clusters historically lead to public data exposure.

Recommended Controls:

• VPC/Private networking, auth via IAM or proxy, and encryption in transit.
• Audit indexes for PII and apply masking or field exclusions.
• Enable slow-query logging and rate-limits for search endpoints.

Data Warehouse / BI (BigQuery / Redshift / Snowflake)

Security Requirements:

• Row/column-level access controls, strong encryption, and audit logging.
• Pseudonymization for PII used in analytics.

Risk Assessment: High - aggregated data may still allow re-identification and is valuable to attackers.

Recommended Controls:

• Use least-privilege queries, scheduled jobs with separate service accounts, and masked exports.
• Require approval for large exports and generate export audit trails.

Secrets Manager / KMS (AWS Secrets Manager / HashiCorp Vault / Cloud KMS)

Security Requirements:

• Centralized secret storage, access via IAM policies, audit logging, automated rotation.
• Use HSM-backed keys for high assurance.

Risk Assessment: Critical - compromise can lead to widespread system control loss.

Recommended Controls:

• Enforce strict RBAC for secret access, rotate secrets automatically, and restrict plaintext secret exposure to ephemeral, logged environments.
• Monitor KMS usage and alert on anomalous decrypt events.

CI/CD and Artifact Repositories (GitHub/GitLab/Jenkins/Container Registry)

Security Requirements:

• Protect credentials and tokens; use OIDC or short-lived credentials for runners.
• Enforce signed commits and container images.

Risk Assessment: High - a compromised pipeline can inject malicious code into production.

Recommended Controls:

• Enforce branch protections, code reviews, SAST/DAST in pipelines, enforce image signing (cosign), and scan artifacts for vulnerabilities.

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End of document.

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10. Implementation Roadmap

This section provides a prioritized, phased approach for implementing the security controls identified throughout this analysis. The roadmap organizes security measures into logical phases based on risk, dependencies, and resource availability, ensuring critical security gaps are addressed first while building a foundation for comprehensive security coverage.

10.1. Prioritization Framework

Prioritization is critical for effective security implementation because it ensures that resources are focused on the most significant threats and compliance requirements while balancing technical feasibility and business impact. By organizing security controls into implementation phases, we can address the highest risks first, ensure compliance with regulatory deadlines, and build a solid security foundation that supports subsequent enhancements.

Prioritization Criteria:

• Risk Level: Controls addressing critical and high-risk threats (identified through threat modeling) are prioritized first.

• Compliance Deadlines: Regulatory requirements and compliance deadlines influence immediate priority.

• Technical Complexity: Controls requiring foundational infrastructure are implemented early to enable subsequent controls.

• Dependencies: Controls that other security measures depend upon are prioritized accordingly.

• Resource Availability: Implementation considers the availability of skilled personnel, tools, and budget.

• Business Impact: Controls protecting business-critical functions and data receive higher priority.

These criteria work together to create a logical implementation sequence that balances security needs with practical constraints. By addressing high-risk areas first, ensuring compliance, and building the necessary infrastructure, we can create a robust security posture while considering the available resources and business priorities.

10.2. Phased Implementation Plan

Phase: IMMEDIATE

Timeline: 0-1 months

Rationale: This phase focuses on addressing critical vulnerabilities and compliance blockers, establishing basic encryption for sensitive data, and implementing essential authentication and authorization controls to protect against the most significant risks.

Controls to Implement:

• Implement strong password policies and bcrypt/argon2 hashing for user passwords.

• Enforce multi-factor authentication (MFA) for all users and administrators.

• Deploy TLS 1.2+ for all data in transit and encrypt sensitive data at rest.

• Review and update IAM policies to enforce least privilege access.

• Enable basic logging for authentication and access events to support audit and incident response.

Dependencies:

• Completion of secure password storage.

• Initial deployment of TLS for data protection.

Phase: SHORT-TERM

Timeline: 1-3 months

Rationale: These controls build upon immediate security measures, focusing on improving access control adjustments and ensuring that logging and API security mitigate identified threats effectively.

Controls to Implement:

• Enhance user authentication through comprehensive multi-factor authentication.

• Deploy role-based access controls across the admin dashboard.

• Implement comprehensive logging and monitoring for all administrative actions.

• Strengthen API security with input validation and HTTPS protocols.

• Begin encryption for all sensitive data at rest.

Dependencies:

• Completion of TLS Implementation.

• Completion of multi-factor authentication.

Phase: MEDIUM-TERM

Timeline: 3-6 months

Rationale: This phase focuses on advanced security measures and infrastructure improvements, including threat detection, security testing automation, and third-party security audits, to enhance the overall security posture.

Controls to Implement:

• Implement advanced threat detection systems with real-time alerts.

• Automate security testing for code and configurations.

• Conduct third-party security audits for key systems and processes.

• Deploy enhanced data protection measures (e.g., tokenization, pseudonymization).

• Develop incident response playbooks and conduct regular drills.

Dependencies:

• Completion of comprehensive logging and monitoring.

• Successful deployment of third-party security audits.

Phase: LONG-TERM

Timeline: 6-12 months

Rationale: This phase involves strategic initiatives aimed at maturing the security program, such as integrating advanced AI/ML security controls, conducting comprehensive penetration testing, and implementing security awareness programs.

Controls to Implement:

• Enhance AI/ML security controls to prevent data poisoning and ensure model integrity.

• Conduct comprehensive penetration testing of the platform.

• Implement a robust security awareness program for employees.

• Develop and deploy a security maturity model for continuous improvement.

Dependencies:

• Completion of advanced threat detection.

• Implementation of incident response playbooks.

Phase: ONGOING

Timeline: Continuous

Rationale: Continuous activities ensure ongoing protection, compliance, and readiness to respond to new threats and changes in the regulatory landscape.

Controls to Implement:

• Perform regular security monitoring and log reviews.

• Maintain patch management processes for all systems.

• Conduct regular compliance audits and reviews.

• Ensure incident response readiness through continuous improvement.

Dependencies:

• Established security monitoring infrastructure.

• Regular updates to compliance requirements.

10.3. Resource Requirements

Skills: Security engineers, Security architects, Web developers, Compliance specialists

Recommended tools: SIEM solutions for logging and monitoring, Vulnerability scanners for testing, Encryption libraries for data protection, API management tools for secure interfaces

Estimated time effort: Approximately 3-6 months for initial phases, with ongoing efforts extending resources as per system complexity and requirements.

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11. Verification and Testing Strategy

11.1. Testing Approach

Integrate security testing throughout the software development lifecycle (SDLC) with an emphasis on continuous security practices. Balance automated scanning with manual evaluations to prioritize high-risk areas based on business impact, adhering to shift-left security principles by incorporating security testing earlier and continuously. This approach ensures that vulnerabilities are identified and remediated promptly, aligning with compliance requirements and protecting sensitive data.

11.2. Testing Methods

Method	Frequency	Tools
STATIC APPLICATION SECURITY TESTING (SAST)	Every commit/build	SonarQube, Semgrep, Checkmarx, CodeQL
DYNAMIC APPLICATION SECURITY TESTING (DAST)	Nightly/weekly	OWASP ZAP, Burp Suite, Acunetix
DEPENDENCY SCANNING	Every build	Snyk, Dependabot, OWASP Dependency-Check
SECRETS SCANNING	Every commit	TruffleHog, GitLeaks, GitHub Secret Scanning
CONTAINER/INFRASTRUCTURE SCANNING	Every deployment	Trivy, Clair, Prowler, ScoutSuite
PENETRATION TESTING	Quarterly or before major releases	Custom scripts, Metasploit, Burp Suite Pro
SECURITY CODE REVIEW	For critical features	GitHub/GitLab code review, security checklists
COMPLIANCE SCANNING	Continuous	AWS Config, Azure Policy, Cloud Custodian

11.3. Compliance Verification

Multi-standard compliance (OWASP ASVS, NIST SP 800-53, ISO 27001) will be verified through automated tools and manual checks against regulatory requirements such as GDPR, CCPA, and PCI-DSS. Audit preparation will involve ensuring documentation and evidence collection for external audits. Recommendations will include engaging third-party auditors for comprehensive evaluations, ensuring all compliance controls are adequately implemented and documented.

11.4. Continuous Monitoring

Implement Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) for real-time monitoring, supported by Intrusion Detection/Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS) to identify and mitigate threats. All logs will be aggregated and analyzed for anomalies, with integration into incident response processes to ensure prompt action against security events. This continuous monitoring strategy will facilitate the detection of unusual activities and compliance with regulatory requirements.

11.5. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)

• Mean time to detect (MTTD) security issues
  
• Mean time to remediate (MTTR) vulnerabilities
  
• Percentage of critical vulnerabilities patched within SLA
  
• Security test coverage percentage
  
• False positive rate in automated scanning
  
• Compliance audit pass rate

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12. Validation Report

This section presents a comprehensive validation of the security requirements generated throughout this analysis. The validation evaluates the requirements against five key dimensions: completeness, consistency, correctness, implementability, and alignment with business objectives. This assessment ensures that the security requirements are comprehensive, technically sound, and actionable for implementation teams.

12.1. Overall Assessment

The overall validation score reflects the quality and completeness of the security requirements across five critical dimensions. Each dimension is scored from 0.0 to 1.0, with 1.0 representing excellent coverage and 0.0 indicating significant gaps.

Overall Score: 0.89/1.0

Validation Status: ✅ PASSED

The security requirements have met the quality threshold (≥0.8) and are ready for implementation. The requirements demonstrate comprehensive coverage, technical accuracy, and alignment with business objectives.

The validation assesses:

• Completeness: Are all identified security concerns adequately addressed?
• Consistency: Do requirements align with each other without contradictions?
• Correctness: Are controls appropriate for the identified risks and correctly applied?
• Implementability: Are requirements specific, actionable, and feasible to implement?
• Alignment: Do security requirements align with business requirements and objectives?

12.2. Dimension Scores

Dimension	Score	Status
Completeness	0.85	✅
Consistency	0.95	✅
Correctness	0.90	✅
Implementability	0.85	✅
Alignment	0.90	✅

Score Interpretation: - ✅ 0.8-1.0: Excellent - ⚠️ 0.7-0.79: Acceptable (minor improvements needed) - ❌ <0.7: Needs significant improvement

12.3. Detailed Feedback

Summary of findings: Strengths: The security mapping is comprehensive across core application areas (authentication, authorization, data protection, payments, logging, RBAC, secrets management) and includes relevant standards (OWASP, NIST, ISO27001) with verification methods and integration tips. AI/ML components are identified and receive appropriate high-level protections, and cross-functional controls cover logging, TLS, data classification, RBAC, and secret handling. Top actionable improvements (prioritized): 1) Vulnerability & Patch Management: Add explicit requirements for vulnerability management (regular authenticated and unauthenticated scans, timely patch SLAs, prioritization rules, and dependency/SCA workflows). Include cadence for pen testing (application + infrastructure + third-party integrations) and remediation SLAs. 2) Incident Response & Forensics: Define an incident response playbook requirement tied to alerts from the SIEM, including runbooks for payment/cardholder breaches, AI model abuse, and supply-chain incidents. Require forensic collection guidance, log retention lengths, and chain-of-custody controls. 3) Infrastructure & Resilience Controls: Add controls for DDoS protection, WAF placement and protections, network segmentation (esp. PCI scope isolation), backups (encrypted, tested restore procedures), BCP/DR and high-availability expectations for critical services (checkout, payment integration, order processing). 4) PCI-DSS Scoping and Hardening: Expand payment controls to include explicit PCI scoping guidance (network segmentation to reduce scope, use of hosted payment pages/iframes, SAQ guidance, logging of PAN handling, quarterly ASV scans, QSA engagement if applicable). Clarify tokenization strategy and where PANs are never stored. 5) Authentication Abuse Protections: Add controls for credential stuffing protection (rate limits, adaptive risk-based auth, device/fingerprint signals, CAPTCHA on suspicious flows), account takeover detection, and account lockout/backoff policies (with secure recovery paths). 6) Supply Chain & CI/CD Security: Require SBOM generation, CI/CD pipeline hardening, signed builds/artifacts, secrets scanning in CI, deployment policy for third-party SDK upgrades, and dependency vulnerability SLAs. 7) Data Handling Specifics for Compliance: Add explicit controls for cross-border data transfers (e.g., SCCs, data localization options) and mapping of legal bases per region for processing (consent vs legitimate interest). Define retention periods for specific data classes and log retention for audit purposes. Clarify COPPA implementation path (age gating, parental verification) if minors may be present. 8) AI/ML Specific Enhancements: Strengthen ML controls: training data governance (PII removal, differential privacy or pseudonymization where applicable), model audit logs (who invoked, training/serving versions), detection and mitigation for model poisoning/evasion, use of canaries for model behavior drift, and formal model validation and fairness testing cadence. 9) Operational Access & Secrets: Expand on PAM/PIM usage for privileged accounts, just-in-time elevation and session recording for critical admin actions. Include rotation frequency and emergency rotation procedures for secrets and API keys. 10) File and Media Handling: Add scanning for uploaded media (malware, malicious metadata), size/type restrictions, and content-disposition handling for downloads. Strip EXIF from images that may leak PII/location. 11) Metrics and SLAs for Security Controls: Where controls are required (rate limiting, MFA enforcement, log ingestion), add measurable SLAs/thresholds (e.g., MFA enrollment targets for admin roles, log coverage % for key events, mean time to detect/MTTR targets). 12) Implementability clarifications: Several controls are high-level; add concrete acceptance criteria for developers (API endpoint lists to protect, exact events to log, minimum crypto algorithms/key lengths, specific header and cookie settings, required libraries or services where applicable). If helpful, I can produce a prioritized, ticket-ready list of new or refined requirements with exact acceptance criteria (examples: exact login endpoints to protect, event fields required in logs, TLS and crypto config snippets, PCI scope diagram template).

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Appendix A: Original Requirements Document

E-Commerce Platform Requirements

We need to build a modern e-commerce platform for selling consumer electronics online.

Key Features:

1. User Management
   - User registration and login with email/password
   - Social login (Google, Facebook)
   - User profiles with shipping addresses and payment methods
   - Order history tracking

2. Product Catalog
   - Browse products by category
   - Search functionality with filters
   - Product details with images and specifications
   - Customer reviews and ratings

3. Shopping Cart & Checkout
   - Add/remove items from cart
   - Apply discount codes and promotions
   - Multiple payment methods (credit card, PayPal, Apple Pay)
   - Guest checkout option
   - Order confirmation emails

4. Payment Processing
   - Secure payment processing with Stripe integration
   - Save payment methods for future use
   - Handle refunds and chargebacks

5. Admin Dashboard
   - Product inventory management
   - Order management and tracking
   - Customer service tools
   - Sales analytics and reporting

6. AI Features
   - Product recommendations based on browsing history
   - Chatbot for customer support
   - Automated product categorization

7. Additional Requirements
   - Mobile-responsive design
   - Support for multiple currencies
   - Integration with shipping carriers (FedEx, UPS)
   - Email notifications for order updates
   - Customer data for marketing campaigns
   - Store customer behavior analytics

The platform will primarily serve customers in the EU and US markets.

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Appendix B: Glossary

Term	Definition
ASVS	Application Security Verification Standard (OWASP)
STRIDE	Spoofing, Tampering, Repudiation, Information Disclosure, Denial of Service, Elevation of Privilege
SAST	Static Application Security Testing
DAST	Dynamic Application Security Testing
MFA	Multi-Factor Authentication
RBAC	Role-Based Access Control
PII	Personally Identifiable Information
PHI	Protected Health Information
GDPR	General Data Protection Regulation
HIPAA	Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
PCI-DSS	Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard

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Appendix C: Complete Threat List

This appendix contains the complete list of all identified threats with full descriptions and mitigation strategies. Threats are organized by risk level for easy reference.

Critical Risk Threats

THR-001 - User Management / Frontend / Application Services

• Category: Spoofing
• Likelihood: High | Impact: High
• Risk Level: Critical
• Description: Credential stuffing, password reuse, or credential theft (phished credentials) allows attackers to authenticate as legitimate users and access accounts, saved payment methods, order history, and perform fraudulent purchases.
• Mitigation Strategy: Enforce strong password policies, bcrypt/argon2 hashing and salted storage, mandatory MFA (TOTP/Push) for sensitive actions, rate limiting and IP throttling, login anomaly detection, breach password detection (Have I Been Pwned), block known bad IPs, and require reauthentication for critical operations (payments/refunds).

THR-016 - Frontend / External Services (3rd-party JS vendors)

• Category: Information Disclosure
• Likelihood: High | Impact: High
• Risk Level: Critical
• Description: Third-party JavaScript (analytics, widgets, chatbots) compromises can exfiltrate cookies, credentials or capture PII and behavioral data; supply-chain compromises of third-party vendors lead to widespread data leakage.
• Mitigation Strategy: Minimize third-party scripts, host critical scripts locally, apply strict CSP and Subresource Integrity (SRI), monitor and vet vendors, use content isolation (iframes for untrusted scripts), and contractually require security practices from vendors.

High Risk Threats

THR-002 - Social Login / External Services / Application Services

• Category: Spoofing
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Risk Level: High
• Description: Compromise or misuse of social OAuth tokens or flawed OAuth integration (missing state/redirect validation, incorrect client secrets) allows attacker impersonation or account takeover.
• Mitigation Strategy: Implement OAuth best practices: validate redirect URIs against allowlist, require state and PKCE where applicable, enforce server-side token validation (token introspection/verify signatures), use short-lived tokens and refresh token rotation, monitor unusual token activity, and securely store client secrets in a secrets manager.

THR-003 - Frontend / Operations & Security

• Category: Information Disclosure
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Risk Level: High
• Description: Secrets, API keys, or credentials embedded in frontend code, public repositories, or third-party bundles can be discovered and used to access internal APIs or third-party services.
• Mitigation Strategy: Never store secrets in source or client code. Use a backend to mint short-lived tokens, employ Secrets Manager (Vault/AWS Secrets Manager), scan repos for secrets (pre-commit, CI scanners), enforce least privilege IAM and rotate keys regularly.

THR-004 - Product Catalog / Frontend

• Category: Information Disclosure
• Likelihood: High | Impact: Medium
• Risk Level: High
• Description: Stored XSS through product reviews or user-generated content allows attackers to execute scripts in other users’ browsers, steal session tokens, manipulate UI, or perform actions on behalf of users.
• Mitigation Strategy: Sanitize and encode all user-supplied content on output, apply Content Security Policy (CSP) with strict script-src, use safe rendering libraries, moderate reviews, and use WAF rules to detect malicious payloads.

THR-005 - Shopping Cart & Checkout / Application Services

• Category: Tampering
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Risk Level: High
• Description: CSRF or forged checkout requests cause unauthorized orders, coupon manipulation, or changes to cart state leading to financial loss or inventory issues.
• Mitigation Strategy: Require anti-CSRF tokens for state-changing endpoints, use SameSite=Strict cookies, require reauthentication or CVV input for payment operations, validate origin and referer headers, and use idempotency keys for checkout APIs.

THR-006 - Application Services / Data Layer

• Category: Tampering
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Risk Level: High
• Description: SQL injection or other injection attacks against APIs or administration interfaces allow attackers to read, modify or delete database records including PII and order data.
• Mitigation Strategy: Use parameterized queries/ORM with prepared statements, input validation and whitelisting, least-privilege DB accounts, periodic code review and static analysis scanning, DB activity monitoring, and WAF rules for known injection patterns.

THR-007 - Application Services / Admin Dashboard

• Category: Elevation of Privilege
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Risk Level: High
• Description: Broken access control (missing object-level authorization) allows attackers or low-privileged users to access or modify other users’ orders, payment info, or administrative functions.
• Mitigation Strategy: Enforce server-side RBAC and ABAC, perform object-level authorization checks (owner checks), use least privilege for service accounts, implement automated authorization tests, and log authorization failures.

THR-008 - Admin Dashboard / Operations & Security

• Category: Elevation of Privilege
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Risk Level: High
• Description: Admin account takeover via weak credentials, default accounts, lack of MFA, or stolen administrative tokens leads to full control over product/catalog, orders, refunds, and PII.
• Mitigation Strategy: Enforce MFA for all admin users, restrict admin UI access by IP or VPN, use separate admin VPC or bastion hosts, rotate and centrally manage admin credentials via SSO, require short sessions and reauth for critical operations.

THR-009 - Operations & Security / Data Layer

• Category: Information Disclosure
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Risk Level: High
• Description: Sensitive customer data (PII, addresses, partially masked payment info) ends up in logs, debug dumps, or backups which are accessible to unauthorized personnel or leaked.
• Mitigation Strategy: Redact or mask PII in logs, centralize log management with strict access controls, encrypt backups at rest, enforce retention policies, and audit access to logs and backups via SIEM.

THR-010 - Data Layer (Object Store)

• Category: Information Disclosure
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Risk Level: High
• Description: Publicly accessible object store buckets (product images or backups) expose product assets or PII stored in objects (e.g., unprotected customer-uploaded files or debug dumps).
• Mitigation Strategy: Block public access by default, enforce bucket policies and IAM roles, use signed URLs for private assets, enable encryption at rest, enable object-level logging and alerts for policy changes, and perform regular cloud configuration scans.

THR-011 - Payment Processing / Application Services / External Services

• Category: Tampering
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Risk Level: High
• Description: Manipulated or replayed payment tokens, or weak validation of payment webhooks, could allow fraudulent charges, refunds, or mismatched order/payment state.
• Mitigation Strategy: Use tokenized payment methods (Stripe/PCI best practices), validate webhook signatures, enforce idempotency for payment operations, reconcile transactions, and require server-side verification of tokens with payment provider.

THR-013 - Edge Layer (CDN/WAF)

• Category: Denial of Service
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Risk Level: High
• Description: DDoS or application-layer floods overwhelm the CDN or origin, causing outages and degraded user experience for customers in EU/US markets.
• Mitigation Strategy: Use reputable CDN with DDoS protection, WAF with tuned rulesets, rate limiting, traffic scrubbing, autoscaling and failover origins, and implement caching of safe content to reduce origin load.

THR-014 - API Gateway / Application Services

• Category: Denial of Service
• Likelihood: High | Impact: Medium
• Risk Level: High
• Description: API abuse via brute-force, credential stuffing, or excessive automated requests to search, checkout or recommendation APIs leads to performance degradation or resource exhaustion.
• Mitigation Strategy: Implement API rate limits per IP/API key, request quotas, bot detection, CAPTCHAs for suspicious flows, client authentication for privileged APIs, and monitoring/alerting on anomalous traffic patterns.

THR-017 - AI Features / Data Layer

• Category: Tampering
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Risk Level: High
• Description: Poisoning of training data or manipulation of analytics inputs for recommendation models causes biased or malicious product recommendations, potentially leading to fraud, poor UX, or reputational damage.
• Mitigation Strategy: Validate and sanitize training data, isolate training datasets, use checksums and provenance metadata, apply anomaly detection on training inputs, employ robust ML testing, and limit model update windows with human review for major changes.

THR-018 - Chatbot / AI Features / External Services

• Category: Information Disclosure
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Risk Level: High
• Description: Chatbot or AI integrations inadvertently send or reveal PII (order numbers, addresses, payment metadata) to external model providers or third-parties, violating GDPR/PCI and exposing customer data.
• Mitigation Strategy: Redact PII before sending to external models, use on-prem or private model endpoints where possible, implement strict data handling policies, log and alert on PII leakage attempts, and ensure contractual DPIA and data processing agreements with providers.

THR-021 - Admin Dashboard

• Category: Tampering
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Risk Level: High
• Description: CSRF or forged requests targeting administrative actions (e.g., price changes, inventory changes, refunds) executed without proper anti-CSRF protections.
• Mitigation Strategy: Use strong CSRF tokens for admin endpoints, require re-authentication/MFA for critical actions, validate Origin/Referer headers, and restrict admin UI access by network controls.

THR-022 - Data Layer / Operations & Security

• Category: Information Disclosure
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Risk Level: High
• Description: Insider threats: privileged DB users or operations personnel intentionally or accidentally access or exfiltrate PII, order or payment data.
• Mitigation Strategy: Implement least-privilege access, just-in-time admin access, strong audit logging and alerting (SIEM), separation of duties, and regular access reviews; encrypt sensitive fields so operators cannot read them without explicit decryption.

THR-023 - Cloud Infrastructure / Data Layer

• Category: Elevation of Privilege
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Risk Level: High
• Description: Misconfigured cloud IAM policies or overly permissive roles allow attackers or compromised service accounts to access databases, storage, or change configuration.
• Mitigation Strategy: Adopt least privilege IAM, enforce organization policies, use IAM role separation for services, automate IaC reviews and policy-as-code checks (e.g., OPA, Terraform Sentinel), rotate credentials and use service account impersonation where possible.

THR-025 - Data Layer / Operations & Security

• Category: Information Disclosure
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Risk Level: High
• Description: Weak or misconfigured encryption (at rest or in transit) or poor key management leads to unauthorized data access or decryption of backups and stored data.
• Mitigation Strategy: Use strong, modern cryptographic algorithms, enforce TLS 1.2+/HTTPS everywhere, use cloud KMS or HSM for key management, implement key rotation, and limit key access via IAM policies.

THR-026 - Operations & Security

• Category: Repudiation
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Risk Level: High
• Description: Gaps in logging, monitoring and alerting enable attackers to operate for long periods without detection, increasing scope and impact of breaches.
• Mitigation Strategy: Centralize logs to SIEM, enforce immutable logs where possible, create detection rules for high-risk behaviors, maintain runbooks and incident response processes, and test detection through regular purple team/red team exercises.

THR-027 - Data Layer (Search Index)

• Category: Information Disclosure
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: High
• Risk Level: High
• Description: Search index or analytics stores inadvertently index PII or sensitive fields and expose them via search APIs or dashboards.
• Mitigation Strategy: Design index schema to exclude sensitive fields, tokenise or redact PII before indexing, enforce access controls on search APIs and dashboards, and regularly scan indices for prohibited content.

Medium Risk Threats

THR-012 - External Services (Shipping/Carriers) / Application Services

• Category: Spoofing
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: Medium
• Risk Level: Medium
• Description: Spoofed or forged webhooks/notifications from shipping carriers or third-party integrations result in incorrect order status updates, triggering refunds or revealing tracking/addresses.
• Mitigation Strategy: Validate webhook signatures or use mutual TLS, allowlist sender IPs (where stable), include challenge-response/nonce mechanisms, and correlate webhook data against internal records before taking action.

THR-015 - Edge Layer / Data Layer (Search Index)

• Category: Tampering
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: Medium
• Risk Level: Medium
• Description: Cache or index poisoning (e.g., tainted search results or malicious cached content) can serve malicious or misleading content to users.
• Mitigation Strategy: Validate and sanitize content before indexing, protect index write paths, use signed URLs to prevent cache poisoning, configure cache-control headers correctly, and monitor content integrity of caches and indexes.

THR-019 - Payment Processing / Admin Dashboard

• Category: Repudiation
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: Medium
• Risk Level: Medium
• Description: Fraudulent refunds, chargeback fraud, or disputes engineered by attackers (or colluding insiders) cause financial loss and operational overhead.
• Mitigation Strategy: Implement robust transaction monitoring and fraud scoring, require additional verification for refunds, maintain strong audit trails, reconcile payments with goods shipped, and apply manual review for high-risk refunds.

THR-020 - Frontend / Application Services (Session Management)

• Category: Spoofing
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: Medium
• Risk Level: Medium
• Description: Improper session handling (session fixation, missing rotation at login, insecure cookie flags) allows attackers to hijack sessions and impersonate users.
• Mitigation Strategy: Rotate session IDs on authentication, set HttpOnly and Secure cookie flags, use SameSite attributes, use short session lifetimes and refresh tokens, and invalidate sessions on password change/logout.

THR-024 - Authentication / Application Services

• Category: Spoofing
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: Medium
• Risk Level: Medium
• Description: Open redirect or unvalidated redirect URIs in OAuth flows enable phishing or token-stealing redirects, allowing attackers to capture authorization codes or tokens.
• Mitigation Strategy: Strictly validate redirect URIs against an allowlist, avoid dynamic redirects, implement PKCE for public clients, and require exact matching for registered redirect URIs.

THR-028 - Shopping Cart & Checkout / Frontend

• Category: Information Disclosure
• Likelihood: Medium | Impact: Medium
• Risk Level: Medium
• Description: Guest checkout correlates device/user behavior causing privacy leakage or unintended linking of user profiles across sessions (tracking), or allows attackers to exploit guest flows for fraud.
• Mitigation Strategy: Minimize data collected for guest checkout, separate guest and authenticated data stores, apply fraud scoring to guest orders, provide explicit consent and privacy notices, and limit guest order capabilities for high-risk transactions.

Total Threats: 28

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Appendix D: Complete Requirements Traceability Matrix

This appendix provides complete end-to-end traceability from requirements through threats to controls and verification.

Full Traceability Table

Req ID	Requirement	Category	Sensitivity	Threat IDs	Security Controls	Priority	Verification	Status
REQ-001	User registration and login with email/password an…	Authentication	High	THR-001, THR-002, THR-004 +7	[OWASP] 2.2.1, [OWASP] 2.6.1, [NIST] IA-2 +1	Critical	Configuration review to confirm MFA enforcement on high-value actions; test flows requiring step-up; review logs for MFA challenge events., Review authentication design and user directory; verify unique identifiers; perform authentication testing including brute-force protections.	Pending
REQ-002	Social login integration for Google and Facebook w…	Authentication	Medium	THR-002, THR-012, THR-018 +3	[OWASP] 2.7.1, [OWASP] 2.7.3, [ISO27001] A.9.4.2 +1	Critical	Policy review and authentication flow testing against secure log-on criteria., Review OIDC configuration; perform tests for token validation, redirect URI tampering, and PKCE enforcement.	Pending
REQ-003	User profiles with multiple shipping addresses, co…	Data Management	High	THR-001, THR-002, THR-004 +7	[OWASP] 1.2.1, [NIST] SC-28, [ISO27001] A.8.2.1 +1	Critical	Policy review and spot-checks of labeled datasets and associated controls., Design review; test access control enforcement across endpoints and services.	Pending
REQ-004	Order history tracking with order details, status,…	Order Management	Medium	THR-001, THR-005, THR-006 +7	[OWASP] 4.2.1, [OWASP] 9.1.1, [NIST] AU-2	Critical	Unit/integration tests for IDOR; code review for ownership checks on order endpoints., Log configuration review and sampling; verify coverage of order access events.	Pending
REQ-005	Guest checkout supporting temporary cart persisten…	Checkout	Medium	THR-005, THR-014, THR-016 +2	[OWASP] 3.1.1, [OWASP] 3.4.1, [NIST] SC-23	High	Configuration review; functional testing of timeouts and data clearing., Review session ID generation; test for predictability and rotation behaviors.	Pending
REQ-006	Product catalog browsing with category hierarchies…	Catalog Management	Low	THR-004, THR-007, THR-008 +4	[ISO27001] A.12.1.2, [NIST] CM-3, [OWASP] 4.1.2	High	Change management records review and sample of catalog changes., Access control testing of admin endpoints; network exposure checks.	Pending
REQ-007	Search functionality with faceted filters, autocom…	Search	Low	THR-014, THR-015, THR-027	[OWASP] 5.3.2, [OWASP] 7.1.1, [NIST] SI-10	High	Design review and functional tests for invalid inputs., Configuration review and load testing to confirm throttling.	Pending
REQ-008	Product detail pages showing images, technical spe…	Catalog Display	Low	THR-004, THR-008, THR-010 +1	[OWASP] 5.1.3, [OWASP] 10.1.2, [NIST] SI-7	High	Response header inspection; test CSP enforcement and report-only logs., Code review for encoding; dynamic testing for XSS vectors in product fields.	Pending
REQ-009	Customer reviews and ratings with submission moder…	Content Management	Medium	THR-004, THR-009, THR-010 +3	[OWASP] 5.3.3, [OWASP] 7.3.1, [NIST] AU-6	High	SIEM rule review and alert testing., Review sanitization logic; fuzz testing with malicious review content.	Pending
REQ-010	Shopping cart management supporting add, update qu…	Cart	Medium	THR-001, THR-004, THR-005 +7	[OWASP] 3.5.1, [OWASP] 4.3.1, [ISO27001] A.14.1.3	High	Protocol and header inspection; test replay and tampering scenarios., Penetration testing for CSRF; review presence and validation of tokens.	Pending
REQ-011	Promotions and discount engine supporting coupon c…	Promotions	Medium	THR-005, THR-019	[OWASP] 5.3.2, [OWASP] 7.1.1, [NIST] AU-12	High	Review validation and business rule enforcement; test malformed and edge cases., Log review for promo-related events and correlation.	Pending
REQ-012	Checkout flow supporting multiple payment methods …	Payment Processing	High	THR-001, THR-005, THR-006 +7	[OWASP] 9.1.2, [OWASP] 9.3.1, [NIST] SC-12	Critical	Crypto configuration review and key management assessment., Transport security scan; data store encryption verification.	Pending
REQ-013	Ability to save payment methods for future use usi…	Payment Processing	High	THR-001, THR-002, THR-004 +7	None	Medium	Manual Review	Pending
REQ-014	Refund processing, partial/full refunds, and charg…	Payment Processing	High	THR-001, THR-008, THR-011 +5	[NIST] AU-3, [OWASP] 7.3.2, [ISO27001] A.12.4.1	High	Log protection and completeness checks., Policy and review evidence checks.	Pending
REQ-015	Order confirmation and transactional email notific…	Notifications	Medium	THR-001, THR-005, THR-006 +6	[NIST] SC-8, [ISO27001] A.13.2.1, [OWASP] 7.2.1	Medium	Review error handling flows and logs., Email transport configuration review; validate DKIM/SPF/DMARC.	Pending
REQ-016	Admin dashboard for product inventory management i…	Administration	High	THR-001, THR-004, THR-005 +7	[OWASP] 4.1.2, [OWASP] 4.2.3, [NIST] AC-6	Critical	Role matrix review and access tests per role., Network scans and access tests of admin endpoints.	Pending
REQ-017	Order management tooling for fulfillment operation…	Order Management	High	THR-001, THR-003, THR-004 +7	[OWASP] 4.3.3, [NIST] AU-2, [ISO27001] A.12.4.3	Critical	Authorization testing for each endpoint and operation., Review logging policy and actual logs for these events.	Pending
REQ-018	Customer service tools including order lookup, cus…	Customer Service	High	THR-001, THR-002, THR-003 +7	[OWASP] 9.1.1, [OWASP] 4.2.1, [NIST] AU-12	High	UI review for masking; access control checks., Audit event catalog and log sampling.	Pending
REQ-019	Sales analytics and reporting dashboards with expo…	Analytics	Medium	THR-001, THR-003, THR-007 +7	[ISO27001] A.9.4.1, [OWASP] 9.2.1, [NIST] MP-5	High	Transport security inspection and URL lifetime testing., Access matrix review and tests across report endpoints.	Pending
REQ-020	Personalized product recommendations driven by bro…	AI/ML	Medium	THR-001, THR-004, THR-008 +2	[OWASP] 1.2.2, [NIST] AR-2, [OWASP] 9.1.3	High	Review completed PIA and action items., Design review for data flows and retention aligned to purpose.	Pending
REQ-021	AI chatbot for customer support with session loggi…	AI/ML	High	THR-004, THR-009, THR-010 +7	[OWASP] 7.3.1, [OWASP] 5.3.2, [ISO27001] A.14.2.1	High	Policy and SDLC artifact review for chatbot features., Log sampling and SIEM integration review.	Pending
REQ-022	Automated product categorization and tagging using…	AI/ML	Low	THR-004, THR-006, THR-007 +7	[OWASP] 10.2.1, [ISO27001] A.12.1.2, [OWASP] 1.3.1	High	Change records and model registry audit., Dependency manifest and scanner report review.	Pending
REQ-023	Mobile-responsive design and progressive web app c…	User Experience	Low	THR-028	[OWASP] 9.2.1, [OWASP] 10.1.2, [NIST] SC-18	High	Policy review and code analysis for SRI and allowed sources., Header inspection and XSS testing with CSP validation.	Pending
REQ-024	Support for multiple currencies, localized pricing…	Localization & Finance	Medium	None	None	Medium	Manual Review	Pending
REQ-025	Integration with shipping carriers (FedEx, UPS) fo…	Integrations	Medium	THR-002, THR-004, THR-010 +6	[OWASP] 10.3.1, [NIST] SA-9, [ISO27001] A.15.2.1	High	Supplier due diligence and monitoring records., API integration review and security testing.	Pending
REQ-026	Email notification and marketing system with conse…	Notifications & Marketing	Medium	THR-001, THR-012, THR-020 +1	[ISO27001] A.18.1.4, [OWASP] 1.2.2, [NIST] AP-1	High	Design review and campaign data field audits., Consent records audit and message content review.	Pending
REQ-027	Customer data capture, segmentation, and export fo…	Marketing Data	High	THR-006, THR-009, THR-010 +7	[OWASP] 1.2.1, [NIST] IP-1, [ISO27001] A.18.1.3 +1	High	Review data schemas vs. campaign requirements and retention configs., Data catalog review and access control checks.	Pending
REQ-028	Behavioral analytics tracking (clickstream, page v…	Analytics	Medium	THR-001, THR-004, THR-006 +7	[NIST] PT-2, [ISO27001] A.18.1.4, [OWASP] 1.2.2	High	Review notice content and placement; A/B test visibility., Data pipeline review for minimization and retention enforcement.	Pending
REQ-029	Comprehensive logging, monitoring, and alerting fo…	Operations & Security	High	THR-001, THR-002, THR-003 +7	[NIST] AU-6, [ISO27001] A.12.4.1, [OWASP] 7.3.3 +1	Critical	Storage configuration review and integrity verification tests., Incident records and workflow review.	Pending
REQ-030	Role-based access control (RBAC) for admin functio…	Authorization	High	THR-001, THR-003, THR-004 +7	[NIST] AU-3, [OWASP] 7.3.2, [ISO27001] A.12.4.1	High	Log protection and completeness checks., Policy and review evidence checks.	Pending
REQ-031	Data subject rights workflows for export, rectific…	Compliance	High	THR-005, THR-006, THR-009 +7	[OWASP] 1.3.2, [NIST] DM-2, [ISO27001] A.18.1.4 +1	Critical	Process documentation and DSR ticket sampling., Policy alignment review and DSR verification testing.	Pending
REQ-032	Secure third-party integrations management includi…	Integrations & Governance	High	THR-001, THR-002, THR-003 +7	[OWASP] 10.3.2, [NIST] SC-12, [ISO27001] A.9.2.4 +1	Critical	KMS policies review and key lifecycle evidence., Secrets inventory and manager configuration review; search repos for hardcoded secrets.	Pending

Total Requirements Tracked: 32

Detailed Requirement Mappings

The following section provides detailed traceability for each requirement:

REQ-001: User registration and login with email/password and optional multi-factor authentication (MFA)

Related Threats:

• THR-001: Credential stuffing, password reuse, or credential theft (phished credentials) a…
• THR-002: Compromise or misuse of social OAuth tokens or flawed OAuth integration (missing…
• THR-004: Stored XSS through product reviews or user-generated content allows attackers to…
• THR-007: Broken access control (missing object-level authorization) allows attackers or l…
• THR-013: DDoS or application-layer floods overwhelm the CDN or origin, causing outages an…
• …and 5 more threats

Security Controls:

• [OWASP] 2.2.1: [OWASP] Verify that passwords are stored using a strong one-way function with a work fac…
• [OWASP] 2.6.1: [OWASP] Verify that all high-value transactions and administrative access require multi-…
• [NIST] IA-2: [NIST] The information system uniquely identifies and authenticates organizational user…
• [OWASP] 2.1.1: [OWASP] Verify that all authentication pathways and identity management APIs implement s…

Verification: Configuration review to confirm MFA enforcement on high-value actions; test flows requiring step-up; review logs for MFA challenge events., Review authentication design and user directory; verify unique identifiers; perform authentication testing including brute-force protections., Review reset implementation; test token entropy and expiry; attempt enumeration and reuse attacks during security testing., Review code and configuration for hashing algorithm and parameters; inspect a sample of stored hashes; conduct penetration testing for credential storage weaknesses.

Priority: Critical | Status: Pending

---

REQ-002: Social login integration for Google and Facebook with secure OAuth flows

Related Threats:

• THR-002: Compromise or misuse of social OAuth tokens or flawed OAuth integration (missing…
• THR-012: Spoofed or forged webhooks/notifications from shipping carriers or third-party i…
• THR-018: Chatbot or AI integrations inadvertently send or reveal PII (order numbers, addr…
• THR-020: Improper session handling (session fixation, missing rotation at login, insecure…
• THR-024: Open redirect or unvalidated redirect URIs in OAuth flows enable phishing or tok…
• …and 1 more threats

Security Controls:

• [OWASP] 2.7.1: [OWASP] Verify that federated authentication (e.g., SAML, OAuth, OpenID Connect) is secu…
• [OWASP] 2.7.3: [OWASP] Verify that the application only accepts tokens from trusted identity providers …
• [ISO27001] A.9.4.2: [ISO27001] Secure log-on procedures shall be implemented to control access to systems and a…
• [NIST] AC-10: [NIST] The information system limits the number of concurrent sessions for each account…

Verification: Policy review and authentication flow testing against secure log-on criteria., Review OIDC configuration; perform tests for token validation, redirect URI tampering, and PKCE enforcement., Configuration review and functional testing to confirm concurrent session limits and termination behavior., Inspect token validation code; simulate expired/forged tokens; verify JWKS signature validation and issuer/audience checks.

Priority: Critical | Status: Pending

---

REQ-003: User profiles with multiple shipping addresses, contact details, delivery preferences, and saved pay…

Related Threats:

• THR-001: Credential stuffing, password reuse, or credential theft (phished credentials) a…
• THR-002: Compromise or misuse of social OAuth tokens or flawed OAuth integration (missing…
• THR-004: Stored XSS through product reviews or user-generated content allows attackers to…
• THR-007: Broken access control (missing object-level authorization) allows attackers or l…
• THR-008: Admin account takeover via weak credentials, default accounts, lack of MFA, or s…
• …and 5 more threats

Security Controls:

• [OWASP] 1.2.1: [OWASP] Verify that all sensitive data is identified, classified, and protected accordin…
• [NIST] SC-28: [NIST] The information system protects the confidentiality and integrity of information…
• [ISO27001] A.8.2.1: [ISO27001] Information shall be classified in terms of legal requirements, value, criticali…
• [OWASP] 4.1.1: [OWASP] Verify that a centralized, robust access control mechanism is in place and can b…

Verification: Policy review and spot-checks of labeled datasets and associated controls., Design review; test access control enforcement across endpoints and services., Architecture and config review for at-rest encryption; validate KMS/HSM usage; database-level checks., Review data inventory, classifications, and mapped controls; sample storage and access paths.

Priority: Critical | Status: Pending

---

REQ-004: Order history tracking with order details, status, invoices, and shipment tracking links

Related Threats:

• THR-001: Credential stuffing, password reuse, or credential theft (phished credentials) a…
• THR-005: CSRF or forged checkout requests cause unauthorized orders, coupon manipulation,…
• THR-006: SQL injection or other injection attacks against APIs or administration interfac…
• THR-007: Broken access control (missing object-level authorization) allows attackers or l…
• THR-008: Admin account takeover via weak credentials, default accounts, lack of MFA, or s…
• …and 5 more threats

Security Controls:

• [OWASP] 4.2.1: [OWASP] Verify that users can only access data and functions for which they are authoriz…
• [OWASP] 9.1.1: [OWASP] Verify that sensitive personal data is protected in storage and only exposed to …
• [NIST] AU-2: [NIST] The organization determines, documents, and implements the types of events that …

Verification: Unit/integration tests for IDOR; code review for ownership checks on order endpoints., Log configuration review and sampling; verify coverage of order access events., Database review for encryption/redaction; access tests for unauthorized exposure.

Priority: Critical | Status: Pending

---

REQ-005: Guest checkout supporting temporary cart persistence and email capture for confirmation

Related Threats:

• THR-005: CSRF or forged checkout requests cause unauthorized orders, coupon manipulation,…
• THR-014: API abuse via brute-force, credential stuffing, or excessive automated requests …
• THR-016: Third-party JavaScript (analytics, widgets, chatbots) compromises can exfiltrate…
• THR-024: Open redirect or unvalidated redirect URIs in OAuth flows enable phishing or tok…
• THR-028: Guest checkout correlates device/user behavior causing privacy leakage or uninte…

Security Controls:

• [OWASP] 3.1.1: [OWASP] Verify that a new session is created after login, and that session identifiers a…
• [OWASP] 3.4.1: [OWASP] Verify that sessions automatically expire after a defined period of inactivity.
• [NIST] SC-23: [NIST] The information system protects the authenticity of communications sessions.

Verification: Configuration review; functional testing of timeouts and data clearing., Review session ID generation; test for predictability and rotation behaviors., Network and cookie flag inspection; test for session fixation and hijacking.

Priority: High | Status: Pending

---

REQ-006: Product catalog browsing with category hierarchies, tagging, and admin-editable taxonomy

Related Threats:

• THR-004: Stored XSS through product reviews or user-generated content allows attackers to…
• THR-007: Broken access control (missing object-level authorization) allows attackers or l…
• THR-008: Admin account takeover via weak credentials, default accounts, lack of MFA, or s…
• THR-010: Publicly accessible object store buckets (product images or backups) expose prod…
• THR-017: Poisoning of training data or manipulation of analytics inputs for recommendatio…
• …and 2 more threats

Security Controls:

• [ISO27001] A.12.1.2: [ISO27001] Changes to the organization, business processes, information processing faciliti…
• [NIST] CM-3: [NIST] The organization documents and controls changes to the information system.
• [OWASP] 4.1.2: [OWASP] Verify that administrative interfaces are protected with strong access controls …

Verification: Change management records review and sample of catalog changes., Access control testing of admin endpoints; network exposure checks., Process documentation and system audit trail review.

Priority: High | Status: Pending

---

REQ-007: Search functionality with faceted filters, autocomplete, synonyms, relevance tuning, and pagination

Related Threats:

• THR-014: API abuse via brute-force, credential stuffing, or excessive automated requests …
• THR-015: Cache or index poisoning (e.g., tainted search results or malicious cached conte…
• THR-027: Search index or analytics stores inadvertently index PII or sensitive fields and…

Security Controls:

• [OWASP] 5.3.2: [OWASP] Verify that all user inputs are validated on the server side using positive vali…
• [OWASP] 7.1.1: [OWASP] Verify that the application enforces rate limiting to prevent automated abuse.
• [NIST] SI-10: [NIST] The information system checks the validity of inputs.

Verification: Design review and functional tests for invalid inputs., Configuration review and load testing to confirm throttling., Code review of validation logic; negative testing of search inputs.

Priority: High | Status: Pending

---

REQ-008: Product detail pages showing images, technical specifications, stock availability, pricing, and rela…

Related Threats:

• THR-004: Stored XSS through product reviews or user-generated content allows attackers to…
• THR-008: Admin account takeover via weak credentials, default accounts, lack of MFA, or s…
• THR-010: Publicly accessible object store buckets (product images or backups) expose prod…
• THR-017: Poisoning of training data or manipulation of analytics inputs for recommendatio…

Security Controls:

• [OWASP] 5.1.3: [OWASP] Verify that output encoding is applied to all untrusted data to prevent XSS in H…
• [OWASP] 10.1.2: [OWASP] Verify that a Content Security Policy (CSP) is in place to protect against conte…
• [NIST] SI-7: [NIST] The information system implements integrity verification mechanisms to detect un…

Verification: Response header inspection; test CSP enforcement and report-only logs., Code review for encoding; dynamic testing for XSS vectors in product fields., Review integrity monitoring configuration and alerts.

Priority: High | Status: Pending

---

REQ-009: Customer reviews and ratings with submission moderation, spam prevention, and ability to report abus…

Related Threats:

• THR-004: Stored XSS through product reviews or user-generated content allows attackers to…
• THR-009: Sensitive customer data (PII, addresses, partially masked payment info) ends up …
• THR-010: Publicly accessible object store buckets (product images or backups) expose prod…
• THR-013: DDoS or application-layer floods overwhelm the CDN or origin, causing outages an…
• THR-014: API abuse via brute-force, credential stuffing, or excessive automated requests …
• …and 1 more threats

Security Controls:

• [OWASP] 5.3.3: [OWASP] Verify that uploaded or user-supplied content is validated, sanitized and handle…
• [OWASP] 7.3.1: [OWASP] Verify that security-relevant events are logged, including input validation fail…
• [NIST] AU-6: [NIST] The organization reviews and analyzes information system audit records for indic…

Verification: SIEM rule review and alert testing., Review sanitization logic; fuzz testing with malicious review content., Log review and sampling for moderation events.

Priority: High | Status: Pending

---

REQ-010: Shopping cart management supporting add, update quantity, remove items, and persistent carts tied to…

Related Threats:

• THR-001: Credential stuffing, password reuse, or credential theft (phished credentials) a…
• THR-004: Stored XSS through product reviews or user-generated content allows attackers to…
• THR-005: CSRF or forged checkout requests cause unauthorized orders, coupon manipulation,…
• THR-007: Broken access control (missing object-level authorization) allows attackers or l…
• THR-008: Admin account takeover via weak credentials, default accounts, lack of MFA, or s…
• …and 5 more threats

Security Controls:

• [OWASP] 3.5.1: [OWASP] Verify that a robust anti-CSRF mechanism is in place for all authenticated state…
• [OWASP] 4.3.1: [OWASP] Verify that access controls are enforced in trusted server-side code or serverle…
• [ISO27001] A.14.1.3: [ISO27001] Information involved in application service transactions shall be protected to p…

Verification: Protocol and header inspection; test replay and tampering scenarios., Penetration testing for CSRF; review presence and validation of tokens., Test for IDOR on cart endpoints; code review for server-side checks.

Priority: High | Status: Pending

---

REQ-011: Promotions and discount engine supporting coupon codes, stacking rules, expiration, and eligibility …

Related Threats:

• THR-005: CSRF or forged checkout requests cause unauthorized orders, coupon manipulation,…
• THR-019: Fraudulent refunds, chargeback fraud, or disputes engineered by attackers (or co…

Security Controls:

• [OWASP] 5.3.2: [OWASP] Verify that all user inputs are validated on the server side using positive vali…
• [OWASP] 7.1.1: [OWASP] Verify that the application enforces rate limiting to prevent automated abuse.
• [NIST] AU-12: [NIST] The information system provides audit record generation capability for the event…

Verification: Review validation and business rule enforcement; test malformed and edge cases., Log review for promo-related events and correlation., Attempt automated enumeration; verify throttling triggers.

Priority: High | Status: Pending

---

REQ-012: Checkout flow supporting multiple payment methods including credit/debit cards via Stripe, PayPal, a…

Related Threats:

• THR-001: Credential stuffing, password reuse, or credential theft (phished credentials) a…
• THR-005: CSRF or forged checkout requests cause unauthorized orders, coupon manipulation,…
• THR-006: SQL injection or other injection attacks against APIs or administration interfac…
• THR-007: Broken access control (missing object-level authorization) allows attackers or l…
• THR-009: Sensitive customer data (PII, addresses, partially masked payment info) ends up …
• …and 5 more threats

Security Controls:

• [OWASP] 9.1.2: [OWASP] Verify that sensitive data is encrypted in transit and at rest using approved al…
• [OWASP] 9.3.1: [OWASP] Verify that cryptographic controls are implemented properly for protecting sensi…
• [NIST] SC-12: [NIST] The organization establishes and manages cryptographic keys for required cryptog…

Verification: Crypto configuration review and key management assessment., Transport security scan; data store encryption verification., KMS policy and audit log review; key rotation evidence.

Priority: Critical | Status: Pending

---

REQ-013: Ability to save payment methods for future use using payment processor tokens and explicit user cons…

Related Threats:

• THR-001: Credential stuffing, password reuse, or credential theft (phished credentials) a…
• THR-002: Compromise or misuse of social OAuth tokens or flawed OAuth integration (missing…
• THR-004: Stored XSS through product reviews or user-generated content allows attackers to…
• THR-007: Broken access control (missing object-level authorization) allows attackers or l…
• THR-008: Admin account takeover via weak credentials, default accounts, lack of MFA, or s…
• …and 5 more threats

Verification: Manual Review

Priority: Medium | Status: Pending

---

REQ-014: Refund processing, partial/full refunds, and chargeback management with audit trails and reconciliat…

Related Threats:

• THR-001: Credential stuffing, password reuse, or credential theft (phished credentials) a…
• THR-008: Admin account takeover via weak credentials, default accounts, lack of MFA, or s…
• THR-011: Manipulated or replayed payment tokens, or weak validation of payment webhooks, …
• THR-012: Spoofed or forged webhooks/notifications from shipping carriers or third-party i…
• THR-019: Fraudulent refunds, chargeback fraud, or disputes engineered by attackers (or co…
• …and 3 more threats

Security Controls:

• [NIST] AU-3: [NIST] Audit records contain sufficient information to establish what events occurred, …
• [OWASP] 7.3.2: [OWASP] Verify that all administrative actions, access control decisions, and security-r…
• [ISO27001] A.12.4.1: [ISO27001] Event logs recording user activities, exceptions, faults and information securit…

Verification: Log protection and completeness checks., Policy and review evidence checks., Audit log content review to confirm required fields.

Priority: High | Status: Pending

---

REQ-015: Order confirmation and transactional email notifications for order placement, shipping, delivery, an…

Related Threats:

• THR-001: Credential stuffing, password reuse, or credential theft (phished credentials) a…
• THR-005: CSRF or forged checkout requests cause unauthorized orders, coupon manipulation,…
• THR-006: SQL injection or other injection attacks against APIs or administration interfac…
• THR-007: Broken access control (missing object-level authorization) allows attackers or l…
• THR-008: Admin account takeover via weak credentials, default accounts, lack of MFA, or s…
• …and 4 more threats

Security Controls:

• [NIST] SC-8: [NIST] The information system protects the confidentiality and integrity of transmitted…
• [ISO27001] A.13.2.1: [ISO27001] Formal transfer policies, procedures and controls shall be in place to protect t…
• [OWASP] 7.2.1: [OWASP] Verify that error handling does not leak sensitive information, and that error m…

Verification: Review error handling flows and logs., Email transport configuration review; validate DKIM/SPF/DMARC., Policy review and vendor configuration checks.

Priority: Medium | Status: Pending

---

REQ-016: Admin dashboard for product inventory management including stock levels, SKU management, pricing upd…

Related Threats:

• THR-001: Credential stuffing, password reuse, or credential theft (phished credentials) a…
• THR-004: Stored XSS through product reviews or user-generated content allows attackers to…
• THR-005: CSRF or forged checkout requests cause unauthorized orders, coupon manipulation,…
• THR-006: SQL injection or other injection attacks against APIs or administration interfac…
• THR-007: Broken access control (missing object-level authorization) allows attackers or l…
• …and 5 more threats

Security Controls:

• [OWASP] 4.1.2: [OWASP] Verify that administrative interfaces are protected with strong access controls …
• [OWASP] 4.2.3: [OWASP] Verify that role-based access control (RBAC) or attribute-based access control (…
• [NIST] AC-6: [NIST] The organization employs the principle of least privilege, allowing only authori…

Verification: Role matrix review and access tests per role., Network scans and access tests of admin endpoints., Access reviews and entitlement checks.

Priority: Critical | Status: Pending

---

REQ-017: Order management tooling for fulfillment operations: view orders, change status, generate pick/pack …

Related Threats:

• THR-001: Credential stuffing, password reuse, or credential theft (phished credentials) a…
• THR-003: Secrets, API keys, or credentials embedded in frontend code, public repositories…
• THR-004: Stored XSS through product reviews or user-generated content allows attackers to…
• THR-005: CSRF or forged checkout requests cause unauthorized orders, coupon manipulation,…
• THR-006: SQL injection or other injection attacks against APIs or administration interfac…
• …and 5 more threats

Security Controls:

• [OWASP] 4.3.3: [OWASP] Verify that sensitive business functions enforce authorization checks for every …
• [NIST] AU-2: [NIST] The organization determines, documents, and implements the types of events that …
• [ISO27001] A.12.4.3: [ISO27001] System administrator and system operator activities shall be logged and the logs…

Verification: Authorization testing for each endpoint and operation., Review logging policy and actual logs for these events., Log protection settings review and periodic review evidence.

Priority: Critical | Status: Pending

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REQ-018: Customer service tools including order lookup, customer notes, ticketing, and secure escalation to a…

Related Threats:

• THR-001: Credential stuffing, password reuse, or credential theft (phished credentials) a…
• THR-002: Compromise or misuse of social OAuth tokens or flawed OAuth integration (missing…
• THR-003: Secrets, API keys, or credentials embedded in frontend code, public repositories…
• THR-005: CSRF or forged checkout requests cause unauthorized orders, coupon manipulation,…
• THR-006: SQL injection or other injection attacks against APIs or administration interfac…
• …and 5 more threats

Security Controls:

• [OWASP] 9.1.1: [OWASP] Verify that sensitive personal data is protected in storage and only exposed to …
• [OWASP] 4.2.1: [OWASP] Verify that users can only access data and functions for which they are authoriz…
• [NIST] AU-12: [NIST] The information system provides audit record generation capability for the event…

Verification: UI review for masking; access control checks., Audit event catalog and log sampling., Role-based testing for feature access.

Priority: High | Status: Pending

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REQ-019: Sales analytics and reporting dashboards with exports, scheduled reports, and role-based access

Related Threats:

• THR-001: Credential stuffing, password reuse, or credential theft (phished credentials) a…
• THR-003: Secrets, API keys, or credentials embedded in frontend code, public repositories…
• THR-007: Broken access control (missing object-level authorization) allows attackers or l…
• THR-008: Admin account takeover via weak credentials, default accounts, lack of MFA, or s…
• THR-009: Sensitive customer data (PII, addresses, partially masked payment info) ends up …
• …and 5 more threats

Security Controls:

• [ISO27001] A.9.4.1: [ISO27001] Access to information and application system functions shall be restricted in ac…
• [OWASP] 9.2.1: [OWASP] Verify that all sensitive data is encrypted in transit with TLS.
• [NIST] MP-5: [NIST] The organization protects and controls information system media during transport…

Verification: Transport security inspection and URL lifetime testing., Access matrix review and tests across report endpoints., Export process review; check encryption and access controls.

Priority: High | Status: Pending

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REQ-020: Personalized product recommendations driven by browsing and purchase history with explainability con…

Related Threats:

• THR-001: Credential stuffing, password reuse, or credential theft (phished credentials) a…
• THR-004: Stored XSS through product reviews or user-generated content allows attackers to…
• THR-008: Admin account takeover via weak credentials, default accounts, lack of MFA, or s…
• THR-010: Publicly accessible object store buckets (product images or backups) expose prod…
• THR-017: Poisoning of training data or manipulation of analytics inputs for recommendatio…

Security Controls:

• [OWASP] 1.2.2: [OWASP] Verify that data protection objectives such as data minimization, purpose limita…
• [NIST] AR-2: [NIST] The organization conducts privacy impact assessments to determine privacy risks …
• [OWASP] 9.1.3: [OWASP] Verify that sensitive personal data is only collected, processed, and stored whe…

Verification: Review completed PIA and action items., Design review for data flows and retention aligned to purpose., Consent management checks and data field review.

Priority: High | Status: Pending

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Showing detailed mappings for 20 of 32 requirements.

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Appendix E: References

• OWASP ASVS 5.0
• NIST Cybersecurity Framework
• ISO/IEC 27001:2022
• OWASP Top 10
• MITRE ATT&CK Framework

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End of Report - Generated by Security Requirements Analysis System v2.0 Generated: 2025-12-01 20:59:38